Do beta blockers, such as metoprolol (beta-adrenergic blocking agent), lower cortisol levels?

From the Research

Beta Blockers and Cortisol Levels

• The effect of beta blockers on cortisol levels is not directly stated in most of the studies provided 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
• However, one study found that beta blockade had no effect on baseline hormonal levels, including cortisol, but the response was markedly changed during exercise 1.
• During continuous exercise, maximum cortisol responses increased after beta blockade 1.
• There is no clear evidence to suggest that beta blockers, such as metoprolol, lower cortisol levels in general, but they may affect cortisol responses during exercise 1.
• The studies provided focus more on the pharmacologic differences between beta blockers, their uses, and effects on various conditions, rather than their specific impact on cortisol levels 2, 3, 4, 5.