Associated Finding with Undescended Testis
The correct answer is C: Inguinal hernia is the most common associated finding with undescended testis in infants. 1
Primary Association: Inguinal Hernia
Inguinal hernia is explicitly identified by the American Urological Association guidelines as a main reason for treatment of cryptorchidism, alongside increased risks of impaired fertility, testicular malignancy, and torsion. 1 This association is so well-established that inguinal hernia is considered a primary treatment indication for cryptorchidism according to AUA guidelines. 1
Clinical Examination Implications
- Every infant with cryptorchidism should be examined for inguinal bulge or hernia during the physical examination. 1
- The anatomical relationship between the patent processus vaginalis (which allows testicular descent) and inguinal hernia formation explains this strong association. 2
Why Not the Other Options?
Congenital Cardiac Disease (Option A)
- There is no evidence linking isolated cryptorchidism with congenital heart defects according to the American Urological Association guidelines. 1
- This association is not supported by current cryptorchidism treatment guidelines. 1
Hypospadias (Option B)
- While hypospadias can co-occur with cryptorchidism, when cryptorchidism is present with phallic anomalies like hypospadias, this combination should prompt evaluation for disorders of sex development or other syndromes rather than being considered a routine association. 3
- This combination represents a more complex clinical scenario requiring specialist evaluation, not a typical associated finding. 3
Clinical Pitfall to Avoid
- Do not overlook careful inguinal examination in any infant presenting with undescended testis, as the presence of an inguinal hernia may influence surgical timing and approach. 1