What is the cause of my proteinuria?

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Ano ang Sanhi ng Iyong Proteinuria?

Ang proteinuria ay maaaring magmula sa glomerular disease (sakit ng filter ng bato), tubular dysfunction (problema sa reabsorption ng bato), o overflow proteinuria (sobrang dami ng protina sa dugo), at ang pinakamahalagang unang hakbang ay tukuyin kung ito ay benign (walang panganib) o pathologic (may sakit) sa pamamagitan ng quantification at pagsusuri ng kasama nitong mga sintomas.

Unang Hakbang: I-quantify ang Proteinuria

Ang dami ng proteinuria ay napakahalaga sa diagnosis 1, 2:

  • Kailangan ng 24-hour urine collection o spot urine protein-to-creatinine ratio upang sukatin ang tumpak na dami 2, 3
  • Proteinuria na >500 mg/24 hours ay nagpapahiwatig ng glomerular disease 2
  • Proteinuria na >1,000 mg/24 hours (1 g/day) ay nangangailangan ng nephrology referral 1
  • Ang 1+ sa dipstick ay hindi sapat—kailangan ng quantification 1, 2

Ikalawang Hakbang: Alamin kung Benign o Pathologic

Benign (Pansamantalang) Sanhi 3, 4, 5:

  • Lagnat (fever)
  • Matinding ehersisyo o physical activity
  • Dehydration
  • Emotional stress
  • Acute illness
  • Orthostatic proteinuria (normal kapag nakahiga, abnormal kapag nakatayo)

Kung may isa sa mga ito, ulitin ang urinalysis pagkatapos ng 48 oras 2. Kung nawala na ang proteinuria, benign ito at walang karagdagang evaluation na kailangan 5.

Ikatlong Hakbang: Hanapin ang Mga Palatandaan ng Glomerular Disease

Ang mga sumusunod ay nagpapahiwatig ng seryosong sakit ng bato 1, 2:

Kailangan ng Nephrology Referral Kung May:

  • Red cell casts sa urine (pathognomonic para sa glomerular bleeding) 1, 2
  • Dysmorphic RBCs (>80% ay glomerular origin) 2
  • Proteinuria >1,000 mg/24 hours, o >500 mg/24 hours kung persistent o tumataas 1, 2
  • Elevated serum creatinine o bumababang kidney function 1, 2
  • Hypertension na kasama ng proteinuria 1

Ikaapat na Hakbang: Tukuyin ang Uri ng Proteinuria

1. Glomerular Proteinuria (Pinaka-common) 3, 6:

  • Dami: Usually >2 g/24 hours 3
  • Mga sanhi: Nephrotic syndrome, glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephritis 4, 6
  • Mechanism: Sira ang glomerular filtration barrier (endothelium, basement membrane, podocytes) 6

2. Tubular Proteinuria 3, 4:

  • Dami: Usually <2 g/24 hours 3
  • Mechanism: Hindi na-reabsorb ng proximal tubule ang filtered proteins 6
  • Mga sanhi: Tubulointerstitial disease, drug toxicity 4

3. Overflow Proteinuria 3, 4:

  • Sanhi: Sobrang dami ng low-molecular-weight proteins sa dugo (multiple myeloma, hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria) 3

Ikalimang Hakbang: Kompletong Evaluation

Para sa Lahat ng May Persistent Proteinuria 1, 2:

  • Serum creatinine at eGFR (kidney function)
  • Urinalysis with microscopy (hanapin ang casts, RBCs, WBCs)
  • Blood pressure monitoring (hypertension ay risk factor)
  • Renal ultrasound kung may evidence ng chronic kidney disease 1

Karagdagang Tests Kung Indicated 1:

  • Hepatitis B at C serology
  • Antinuclear antibody (para sa lupus)
  • Complement levels
  • Serum at urine protein electrophoresis (para sa multiple myeloma)
  • Blood glucose (para sa diabetes)

Mga Mahahalagang Babala

Common Pitfalls na Iwasan:

  1. Huwag mag-assume na benign ang proteinuria dahil lang walang symptoms 5. Ang persistent isolated proteinuria ay maaaring may significant renal pathology at progressive disease 5.

  2. Ang orthostatic proteinuria ay dapat i-confirm sa pamamagitan ng first morning urine (dapat normal) versus daytime urine (abnormal) 5. Ito ay benign condition sa long-term studies 5.

  3. Proteinuria sa diabetic patients ay early sign ng diabetic nephropathy 1. Ang microalbuminuria (30-299 mg/24 hours) ay nangangailangan ng ACE inhibitor therapy 1.

  4. Ang proteinuria mismo ay tubulotoxic at directly contributes sa renal deterioration 7, 6. Hindi ito simpleng marker lang—ito ay active mediator ng progressive kidney damage 6.

Algorithm para sa Follow-up

Kung Negative ang Initial Evaluation pero Persistent ang Proteinuria 2:

  • Repeat urinalysis at 6,12,24, at 36 months
  • Monitor blood pressure sa bawat visit
  • Nephrology referral kung: Proteinuria ay tumataas, may hypertension, may evidence ng glomerular bleeding, o bumababa ang kidney function 2

Kung May Nephrotic-range Proteinuria (>3-3.5 g/24 hours) 1:

  • Immediate nephrology referral para sa possible renal biopsy
  • Risk ng thromboembolism dahil sa low albumin 1
  • May need ng immunosuppressive therapy depende sa diagnosis 1

Ang proteinuria ay hindi dapat balewalain—kahit asymptomatic, ito ay maaaring unang palatandaan ng progressive kidney disease na nangangailangan ng aggressive treatment upang maiwasan ang kidney failure 7, 6.

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Guideline

Hematuria Evaluation and Management

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Research

Proteinuria in adults: a diagnostic approach.

American family physician, 2000

Research

A practical approach to proteinuria.

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 1999

Research

Proteinuria: potential causes and approach to evaluation.

The American journal of the medical sciences, 2000

Research

Proteinuria: detection and role in native renal disease progression.

Transplantation reviews (Orlando, Fla.), 2012

Research

Proteinuria: clinical signficance and basis for therapy.

Singapore medical journal, 2001

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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