What are the recommended drug doses for common pediatric emergencies like anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, and status epilepticus?

Pediatric Emergency Drug Doses

For pediatric cardiac arrest, administer epinephrine 0.01 mg/kg (10 mcg/kg) IV/IO every 3-5 minutes with a maximum single dose of 1 mg; for anaphylaxis, give epinephrine 0.01 mg/kg IM (maximum 0.3 mg prepubertal, 0.5 mg adolescent/adult) into the mid-outer thigh; and for status epilepticus, administer lorazepam 0.1 mg/kg IV (maximum 4 mg per dose) slowly over 2 minutes. 1, 2, 3, 4

Cardiac Arrest Medications

Epinephrine

• Administer 0.01 mg/kg (10 mcg/kg) IV/IO for the first and all subsequent doses during pediatric cardiac arrest 1
• The maximum single dose is 1 mg regardless of patient weight 1
• Repeat every 3-5 minutes as needed during ongoing resuscitation 1
• Critical pitfall: High-dose epinephrine (>10 mcg/kg) is associated with reduced 24-hour survival and does not improve neurologic outcomes 1
• For endotracheal administration when IV/IO access is unavailable, use 0.1 mg/kg (10 times the IV dose), though this route is less reliable 5

Sodium Bicarbonate

• Routine administration is NOT recommended during pediatric cardiac arrest 1
• Retrospective data shows sodium bicarbonate administration during arrest is associated with decreased survival 1
• Consider only after prolonged arrest unresponsive to standard advanced life support including high-quality CPR, ventilation, and epinephrine 1
• May have a role in specific circumstances: documented severe metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, or tricyclic antidepressant overdose 1

Vasopressin

• Not recommended for routine use in pediatric cardiac arrest 1
• Evidence shows vasopressin is associated with lower return of spontaneous circulation and trends toward worse survival compared to epinephrine alone 1

Glucose Management

• Check blood glucose during resuscitation and treat hypoglycemia promptly 1
• Hypoglycemia can be a reversible cause of cardiac arrest in children 1

Anaphylaxis Medications

Epinephrine (First-Line Treatment)

• Administer 0.01 mg/kg IM into the mid-outer thigh immediately upon recognition of anaphylaxis 2, 3
• Maximum dose: 0.3 mg for prepubertal children, 0.5 mg for adolescents and adults 2, 3
• For weight-based auto-injector selection: use 0.15 mg if 10-25 kg, or 0.3 mg if ≥25 kg 2
• Repeat dose in 5-15 minutes if symptoms persist or recur 2
• Critical pitfall: Delayed epinephrine administration is associated with poor outcomes and fatality—never substitute antihistamines or bronchodilators for epinephrine 2, 6
• Common dosing error: Administering the cardiac arrest dose (0.01 mg/kg IV) instead of the anaphylaxis dose (0.01 mg/kg IM) can cause life-threatening cardiac complications including severe systolic dysfunction 7

Adjunctive Medications (Second-Line Only)

• Diphenhydramine 1-2 mg/kg IV/IM (maximum 50 mg per dose) may be given AFTER epinephrine 8, 6
• Administer IV diphenhydramine slowly to avoid seizure precipitation 8, 6
• H1-antihistamines provide symptomatic relief but do not treat the life-threatening components of anaphylaxis 2, 8, 6
• Consider combining H1 and H2 antagonists for enhanced effect 8

Corticosteroids

• Dexamethasone 1-2 mg/kg IM may be administered as adjunctive therapy to potentially prevent biphasic reactions 2
• Corticosteroids do not treat acute anaphylaxis but may help prevent late-phase reactions 2
• Observe patients for at least 6 hours as symptoms may recur even after successful initial treatment 2

Status Epilepticus Medications

Benzodiazepines (First-Line)

• Lorazepam 0.1 mg/kg IV (maximum 4 mg per dose) administered slowly at 2 mg/min 4
• If seizures continue after 10-15 minutes, may repeat with an additional 4 mg dose 4
• Critical safety concern: Lorazepam carries significant risk of respiratory depression—airway equipment and ventilatory support must be immediately available 4
• Alternative: Midazolam 0.2 mg/kg IM or 0.1 mg/kg IV can be used when IV access is not immediately available 4

Important Monitoring

• Maintain patent airway and monitor respiration closely throughout administration 4
• Be alert for excessive sedation, especially with multiple doses, which may compound post-ictal impairment 4
• Patients over 50 years may experience more profound and prolonged sedation 4

Critical Dosing Principles

Weight-Based Calculations

• Base initial resuscitation drug doses on actual body weight in non-obese children 1
• In obese patients, use ideal body weight estimated from length to avoid drug toxicity 1
• Titrate subsequent doses based on observed clinical effects and toxicities, not exceeding adult maximum doses 1

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

• Ten-fold dosing errors remain common (8.6% in simulation studies) despite implementation of pediatric dosing references 9
• Confusion between anaphylaxis dosing (IM) and cardiac arrest dosing (IV) leads to iatrogenic overdoses 7
• Incorrect weight estimation leads to dosing errors in 12.7% of cases 9
• Drug dilution errors occur in 33% of benzodiazepine administrations 9
• Air entrainment during syringe preparation frequently causes under-dosing 9

Practical Safety Measures

• Use pre-filled, clearly labeled syringes when available to reduce calculation errors 7, 10
• Verify weight using length-based tape systems, but recognize these also have error potential 9, 10
• Double-check all calculations, especially when dilution is required 9, 10
• Have reference cards or apps immediately accessible during emergencies 11, 10