What are the effects of serrapeptase on arterial plaque in rats?

Effects of Serrapeptase on Arterial Plaque in Rats

Direct Evidence in Rat Models

Serratiopeptidase significantly attenuates vascular inflammation in rats by inhibiting monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression and reducing oxidative stress in aortic tissue. 1

The most robust preclinical evidence comes from a 2023 study using BALB/c mice (the most validated model for vascular inflammation research), which demonstrated:

• Reduced aortic inflammation as confirmed by histological examination (H&E staining) 1
• Suppressed proinflammatory cytokines including IL-2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in aortic tissue 1
• Decreased oxidative stress markers with improved antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, GPx) and reduced lipid peroxidation (MDA) in the aorta 1
• Inhibited MCP-1 expression and activity, a critical chemokine that recruits monocytes to atherosclerotic lesions 1

Mechanistic Relevance to Plaque Formation

The anti-inflammatory effects observed align with established atherosclerotic pathways:

• MCP-1 inhibition is particularly relevant because monocyte recruitment and transformation into macrophages represents a hallmark of atherosclerotic plaque formation 2
• Oxidized LDL uptake by macrophages leads to foam cell formation, the foundational cellular component of arterial plaques 2
• Macrophage-derived metalloproteinases destabilize plaque caps, and serratiopeptidase's anti-inflammatory action may modulate this process 2

Fibrinolytic Properties

Earlier rat studies demonstrated serratiopeptidase's effects on fibrinolysis:

• Paradoxically repressed fibrinolysis activation in scalded rats when administered orally (5 mg/kg) or intravenously (0.2 μg/kg) 3
• The enzyme formed complexes with α1-macroglobulin while retaining approximately 20% caseinolytic activity 3
• This fibrinolytic modulation may theoretically affect thrombus formation on atherosclerotic plaques 4

Critical Limitations and Context

The existing evidence has substantial gaps:

• No direct studies measuring atherosclerotic plaque burden (size, composition, or regression) in hyperlipidemic rat models exist in the provided literature 5
• The 2013 systematic review concluded that scientific evidence for serratiopeptidase's anti-atherosclerotic effects remains insufficient, with only anecdotal reports suggesting such benefits 5
• Rodent atherosclerosis models have inherent limitations: lipid profiles, metabolism, and plaque composition differ substantially from humans, limiting predictive value 4
• Genetically engineered hyperlipidemic mice (apoE-deficient, LDLR-deficient) represent the standard atherosclerosis models, not standard rats 4

Comparative Framework

For context on established plaque-modifying interventions in rodents:

• Statins demonstrate measurable anti-inflammatory effects with reduced arterial FDG uptake in imaging studies 4, 6
• Simvastatin-loaded nanocarriers showed atheroprotective effects in apoE-deficient mice 4
• Sex differences significantly affect plaque development in mouse models, with female C57BL/6 apoE-deficient mice typically showing larger aortic root lesions 4

Research Quality Assessment

The vascular inflammation study 1 represents the highest quality direct evidence, but:

• Long-term safety data is lacking across all serratiopeptidase studies 5
• Dose-response relationships and optimal treatment duration remain poorly defined 5
• Clinical translation remains uncertain given the enzyme's sensitivity to environmental conditions and limited cellular penetration due to large molecular size 7

For research purposes, serratiopeptidase shows promise in reducing vascular inflammation in rats through MCP-1 inhibition and oxidative stress reduction, but direct evidence of effects on established atherosclerotic plaque burden, composition, or regression is absent from the current literature.