What percent albumin (human albumin) solution is recommended for fluid resuscitation?

Albumin Concentration for Fluid Resuscitation

For fluid resuscitation, 5% albumin is the recommended concentration in most clinical scenarios, while 20% albumin is reserved for specific situations requiring volume restriction or when targeting serum albumin levels above 30 g/L.

General Principles by Clinical Context

Critical Care and Sepsis

• 5% (iso-oncotic) albumin is the standard concentration when albumin is used for volume resuscitation in critically ill patients, as it provides volume expansion without excessive oncotic pull 1.
• The landmark SAFE trial used 4% albumin and demonstrated equivalent outcomes to crystalloids in general ICU populations 1.
• 20% (hyper-oncotic) albumin was studied in the ALBIOS trial for septic shock, targeting serum albumin >30 g/L, but showed no mortality benefit despite improved hemodynamics 1.
• In cirrhotic patients with sepsis-induced hypotension, 20% albumin achieved faster blood pressure restoration than crystalloids but caused significantly more pulmonary complications (22% treatment discontinuation rate) 2.

Burn Resuscitation

• 5% albumin is specifically recommended for severe burns (TBSA >30%) after the first 6-8 hours of management 1, 3.
• Dosing targets 1-2 g/kg/day to maintain serum albumin levels >30 g/L 1, 4.
• In pediatric burns (TBSA >15%), early administration of 5% albumin at 8-12 hours post-burn decreased crystalloid requirements and hospital length of stay 1.
• 25% albumin is contraindicated in acute burn resuscitation unless the patient has pre-existing interstitial edema, as it can cause excessive fluid shifts 5.

Liver Disease

• 20% albumin is used in cirrhotic patients for large-volume paracentesis at 6-8 g per liter of ascites removed (approximately 40 g after 5L removal) 3, 4.
• For spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, albumin dosing should not exceed 100 g daily 3.
• A 2024 trial comparing 20% albumin to 5% albumin in cirrhotic patients with sepsis-induced hypotension found that 20% albumin had higher shock reversal rates but increased pulmonary complications 1, 2.

Practical Considerations

Volume Expansion Effects

• 25% albumin expands plasma volume by 3-4 times the infused volume by drawing fluid from interstitial spaces, making it appropriate only when interstitial edema exists 5.
• 5% albumin expands plasma volume approximately 1:1 with the infused volume, making it safer for routine resuscitation 5.
• One 100 mL dose of 25% albumin increases serum albumin by approximately 0.2-0.3 g/dL 4.

Safety Profile by Concentration

• 5% albumin has a lower risk of volume overload and pulmonary edema compared to 20-25% concentrations 1, 2.
• Rapid infusion of concentrated albumin (20-25%) causes hemodynamic disturbances, particularly in patients with cardiac or pulmonary insufficiency 4.
• In the ALPS trial, 20% albumin required treatment discontinuation in 22% of patients due to pulmonary complications versus 0% with crystalloids 2.

Clinical Algorithm for Concentration Selection

Use 5% albumin when:

• Performing initial volume resuscitation in hypovolemic shock 5
• Managing severe burns after the first 6-8 hours 1, 3
• Patient has normal hydration status or mild dehydration 5
• Avoiding volume overload is a priority 1

Use 20-25% albumin when:

• Patient has significant interstitial edema with hypovolemia 5
• Performing large-volume paracentesis in cirrhosis 3, 4
• Severe hypoalbuminemia (<25 g/L) with volume overload 1
• Fluid restriction is necessary (ARDS, heart failure) 5
• Always co-administer crystalloids to prevent dehydration 5

Critical Caveats

• Albumin should never be used in traumatic brain injury due to increased mortality risk (RR 1.62) 1, 3.
• Hydroxyethyl starches are absolutely contraindicated in burns per European regulatory agencies 1, 3.
• Assessment of intravascular volume status is mandatory before any albumin administration to prevent circulatory overload 4.
• The crystalloid-to-albumin volume ratio is significantly higher (requires less albumin) when baseline serum albumin is ≤25 g/L versus >25 g/L 6.
• Crystalloids remain first-line therapy for most resuscitation scenarios; albumin is reserved for specific indications where benefits outweigh costs and risks 1, 3.