What extended-release opioids are available in the Philippines for pain management?

Extended-Release Opioids Available in the Philippines

Based on available evidence, morphine sulfate extended-release formulations and transdermal fentanyl are the most commonly referenced extended-release opioids for pain management, though actual availability in the Philippines is severely limited despite physician awareness. 1

Current Landscape in the Philippines

The Philippines faces a significant gap between opioid knowledge and actual utilization:

• Despite an International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) allocation of 87 kilograms of morphine annually, less than 15 kilograms are actually consumed each year 2
• Fentanyl usage is only 7 grams versus a 100-gram INCB allocation 2
• The majority of physicians in Metro Manila possess narcotics licenses and agree opioids should not be reserved only for terminal illness, yet hesitancy in prescribing remains high 2
• The most commonly recalled opioids by Philippine physicians are morphine, meperidine, and nalbuphine 2

Extended-Release Opioid Options

Strong Opioids (WHO Level III)

Morphine sulfate extended-release formulations:

• Modified release tablets designed for 12-hour dosing 1
• Starting dose: 20-40 mg orally 1
• No upper dose limit; maximum dose depends on tolerance development 1

Transdermal fentanyl:

• Starting dose: 25 mcg/hour patch 1
• Relative effectiveness: 4 times oral morphine (calculated as mg/day to mcg/hour conversion) 1
• Should only be used in opioid-tolerant patients with stable pain requirements 1
• No upper dose limit 1

Transdermal buprenorphine:

• Starting dose: 17.5-35 mcg/hour 1
• Maximum daily dose: 140 mcg/hour 1
• Relative effectiveness: 1.7 times oral morphine 1

Oxycodone oral (if available):

• Starting dose: 20 mg 1
• Relative effectiveness: 2 times oral morphine 1
• No upper dose limit 1

Weak Opioids (WHO Level II)

Tramadol modified release:

• Modified release tablets: 100-150-200 mg 1
• Duration: 12 hours 1
• Maximum daily dose: 400 mg 1
• Starting dose: 50-100 mg 1

Dihydrocodeine modified release:

• Tablets: 60-90-120 mg 1
• Duration: 12 hours 1
• Maximum daily dose: 240 mg 1
• Starting dose: 60-120 mg 1

Practical Prescribing Approach

Initiation strategy:

• Start with immediate-release opioids as-needed to establish effective dose requirements 1
• Once stable pain control achieved on short-acting opioids, convert to extended-release formulation for baseline analgesia 1, 3
• Continue providing rescue doses of short-acting opioids at 10-20% of total 24-hour dose for breakthrough pain 1, 3

Dose titration:

• Calculate total opioid consumption (scheduled plus all PRN doses) over 24 hours 1, 3
• Persistent need for multiple rescue doses indicates inadequate baseline coverage requiring upward titration 1, 3
• For modified-release morphine started without immediate-release titration, make dose changes no more frequently than every 48 hours 1

Critical Considerations

Methadone requires specialist expertise:

• Should only be prescribed as first- or second-line opioid by experienced clinicians due to unique pharmacokinetic properties 1
• Consult palliative care or pain specialists when initiating or rotating to methadone 1

Tramadol and codeine have significant limitations:

• Both are prodrugs requiring CYP2D6 metabolism 1
• Tramadol has low threshold for neurotoxicity limiting dose titration 1
• Genetic polymorphisms (more common in Asian populations) may reduce codeine effectiveness 1

Route alternatives when oral not feasible:

• Subcutaneous administration preferred over intramuscular for chronic pain 1
• Transdermal fentanyl provides non-invasive alternative for stable opioid requirements 1
• Rectal administration has similar bioavailability to oral route 1