Why is Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) elevated in Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)?

Why is MCV Elevated in Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)?

Elevated MCV in MDS results from ineffective erythropoiesis with megaloblastoid maturation—a hallmark morphologic feature of dysplastic red cell production in this clonal stem cell disorder. 1, 2

Pathophysiologic Mechanism

The raised MCV reflects the underlying megaloblastoid erythropoiesis that characterizes MDS bone marrow morphology. 1, 2 This is fundamentally different from true megaloblastic anemia:

• Dysplastic erythroid precursors in MDS exhibit nucleocytoplasmic asynchrony—the nucleus matures more slowly than the cytoplasm, creating larger cells with increased volume 1, 2
• This occurs despite normal vitamin B12 and folate levels, distinguishing it from nutritional megaloblastic anemia 1
• The ineffective hematopoiesis means these abnormally large cells are produced but fail to mature properly, leading to peripheral cytopenias despite hypercellular marrow 2, 3

Clinical Significance and Diagnostic Value

MCV elevation serves as an important diagnostic clue for MDS, particularly in elderly patients with unexplained cytopenias:

• MCV is significantly elevated in MDS compared to other causes of cytopenia like aplastic anemia 4
• In one study, MCV had an AUC of 0.846 for distinguishing MDS from megaloblastic anemia, with even better performance for MCH (AUC 0.855) 4
• The median MCV in untreated RARS (a subtype with ring sideroblasts) was 101 fL, significantly higher than controls 5

Subtype Variations

The degree of MCV elevation varies by MDS subtype, with particular prominence in certain categories:

• RARS (Refractory Anemia with Ring Sideroblasts) shows the most pronounced macrocytosis, with median MCV of 101 fL and hypochromic red cells comprising 6.2% of the population 5
• MCV differs significantly between higher-risk and lower-risk MDS subtypes (P = 0.011), suggesting prognostic relevance 4
• However, MCV levels do not differ significantly among the four IPSS risk groups when analyzed separately 6

Important Caveats

Before attributing macrocytosis to MDS, you must systematically exclude other causes:

• Check RBC folate and serum B12 levels—only 9% of macrocytic patients in one cancer cohort had true vitamin deficiencies 7
• Evaluate for medication effects, particularly prior chemotherapy exposure (alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide and melphalan cause macrocytosis and increase secondary leukemia risk) 7
• Consider alcohol intake, liver disease, hypothyroidism, and reticulocytosis as alternative explanations 1

Growth factor treatment paradoxically increases MCV further: In RARS patients treated with erythropoietin ± G-CSF, median MCV rose from 101 fL to 105 fL despite improved hemoglobin, as growth factors promote survival and maturation of dysplastic erythroblasts 5

Diagnostic Approach

When encountering elevated MCV with cytopenias:

1. Exclude nutritional causes first: Check B12, folate, and iron studies 1, 2
2. Review medication history: Particularly chemotherapy, immunosuppressants, and alcohol 1
3. Examine peripheral smear: Look for dysplastic features in multiple cell lines 1, 2
4. Proceed to bone marrow examination if MDS suspected: Assess for ≥10% dysplasia in one or more lineages, enumerate blasts, and perform cytogenetic analysis 1, 2
5. Consider observation period: If only unilineage dysplasia without increased blasts or characteristic cytogenetics, observe for 6 months before confirming MDS diagnosis 1

The combination of macrocytosis with persistent unexplained cytopenias in an elderly patient should always prompt consideration of MDS, but the diagnosis requires comprehensive bone marrow evaluation with morphology and cytogenetics. 1, 2