From the Research
Compartment syndrome in the lateral compartment of the thigh is primarily caused by trauma, particularly direct blunt force injuries, crush injuries, or fractures of the femur, as well as reperfusion injury following vascular surgery or prolonged ischemia, with the most recent and highest quality study 1 highlighting the importance of prompt recognition and intervention. The causes of compartment syndrome in the lateral compartment of the thigh can be summarized as follows:
- Trauma, including direct blunt force injuries, crush injuries, or fractures of the femur 2
- Reperfusion injury following vascular surgery or prolonged ischemia 1
- Excessive exercise leading to muscle swelling
- Burns, snake bites, or tight bandages/casts
- Bleeding disorders or anticoagulant therapy, which can increase the risk by causing hemorrhage into the compartment
- Surgical procedures, especially those involving the lateral thigh, may also trigger this condition The pathophysiology involves increased pressure within the fascial compartment, which compromises blood flow, leading to tissue ischemia and potential necrosis if not promptly addressed 3. The lateral compartment contains the vastus lateralis muscle and branches of the femoral nerve, making it susceptible when pressure builds up within this confined space. Early recognition is crucial, with symptoms including severe pain disproportionate to the injury, pain on passive stretching, paresthesia, and tenseness of the compartment. Treatment typically requires fasciotomy to relieve pressure and restore blood flow to prevent permanent tissue damage, with the most recent study 1 emphasizing the importance of prompt intervention. It is essential to note that compartment syndrome is a surgical emergency with risk of high morbidity and mortality rates, and prompt recognition and treatment are critical to preventing long-term damage and improving patient outcomes 2, 4.