What are the key differences in treatment and management for a patient with suspected Datura (Jimsonweed) poisoning versus cocaine poisoning?

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Datura vs Cocaine Poisoning: Key Differences in Management

Datura poisoning requires anticholinergic toxidrome management with physostigmine for severe cases, while cocaine poisoning demands benzodiazepines as first-line therapy with sodium bicarbonate for cardiac dysrhythmias—these are fundamentally different treatment approaches for opposite toxidromes.

Toxidrome Recognition

Datura (Anticholinergic Toxidrome)

  • Classic presentation: Delirium, visual and auditory hallucinations, mydriasis, dry mouth, urinary retention, hyperthermia, tachycardia, flushed skin, and agitation 1, 2, 3
  • Mnemonic features: "Hot as a hare, blind as a bat, dry as a bone, red as a beet, mad as a hatter" 2
  • Onset: Symptoms typically appear 15-30 minutes after ingestion 2
  • Mechanism: Atropine and scopolamine block muscarinic acetylcholine receptors 1, 3

Cocaine (Sympathomimetic Toxidrome)

  • Classic presentation: Agitation, diaphoresis, tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, seizures, increased psychomotor activity, and potential wide-complex dysrhythmias 4, 5
  • Cardiac effects: QRS prolongation from sodium channel blockade, QT prolongation from potassium channel blockade 4
  • Mechanism: Catecholamine reuptake inhibition causing sympathetic surge plus local anesthetic effects on cardiac sodium channels 4

Critical First-Line Management Differences

Datura Poisoning

  • Supportive care is primary: Restraint, IV fluids, and symptomatic management for most cases 1, 2, 3
  • Physostigmine for severe cases: Reserved for patients with delirium, coma, or life-threatening agitation—reverses central and peripheral anticholinergic effects 2, 3
    • Dose: Typically 1-2 mg IV slowly (not specified in evidence but standard practice)
    • Response is dramatic: Three of four patients with delirium/coma showed good response 2
  • Foley catheterization: Often needed for urinary retention 2, 3
  • Antipsychotics: Cyamemazine was successfully used in two cases for severe agitation and hallucinations 1
  • Intubation: May be required for coma with respiratory depression 2

Cocaine Poisoning

  • Benzodiazepines are mandatory first-line: Lorazepam 2-4 mg IV or diazepam 5-10 mg IV immediately to reduce sympathetic activation 4, 6, 7, 5
  • Sodium bicarbonate for dysrhythmias: 1-2 mEq/kg IV bolus for wide-complex tachycardia or cardiac arrest (Class 2a recommendation) 4, 7
  • Lidocaine is reasonable: For wide-complex tachycardia through competitive sodium channel binding 4
  • Vasodilators for refractory hypertension: Phentolamine, nitrates, or calcium channel blockers—NOT beta-blockers 4, 6, 7

Life-Threatening Complications Management

Hyperthermia (Both Toxins)

  • Datura: Supportive cooling measures 2, 3
  • Cocaine: Rapid external cooling using evaporative or immersive methods (Class 1 recommendation)—cooling blankets are inadequate 4, 7

Seizures

  • Datura: Rare; standard anticonvulsant management if occurs 2
  • Cocaine: Benzodiazepines are critical—seizures are a major determinant of lethality and must be controlled immediately 5

Cardiac Arrest

  • Datura: Rare (fatal in >5% of cases); standard ACLS 1
  • Cocaine: Standard ACLS plus sodium bicarbonate for wide-complex rhythms; avoid pure beta-blockers 4, 7

Critical Pitfalls to Avoid

Datura-Specific

  • Do not miss the diagnosis: Patients and companions rarely volunteer information about plant ingestion—consider in any adolescent/young adult with unexplained anticholinergic features 1
  • Lethal dose proximity: Atropine levels of 1.7 ng/mL (near-lethal) can occur with recreational use 1
  • Duration: Symptoms typically resolve in 36-40 hours with supportive care 1

Cocaine-Specific

  • NEVER use pure beta-blockers: Propranolol, metoprolol, or esmolol cause unopposed alpha-adrenergic stimulation, worsening coronary vasospasm and hypertension (Class 3 harm) 4, 6, 7, 8
  • Avoid beta-blockers for 72 hours: Even after acute phase 7, 8
  • Acidosis correction is essential: Severe metabolic and respiratory acidosis must be treated with ventilation and bicarbonate to normalize cardiac rhythm 5
  • Beware hypotension: Cocaine's effects are transient (minutes to hours), but treatment effects persist—titrate carefully 7, 8

Antidote Summary

Toxin Specific Antidote Indication Class of Recommendation
Datura Physostigmine Severe delirium, coma, life-threatening agitation Not graded in evidence but effective [2,3]
Cocaine Sodium bicarbonate Wide-complex tachycardia or cardiac arrest Class 2a [4]
Cocaine Benzodiazepines All cases with agitation, tachycardia, hypertension Class 2a [4,6,7]

Monitoring and Disposition

Datura

  • Hospital admission: 2-4 days for severe cases 1, 2, 3
  • Recovery: Usually complete with no sequelae despite severe presentation 2, 3
  • Toxicology confirmation: LC-MS/MS can detect atropine and scopolamine levels 1

Cocaine

  • Continuous cardiac monitoring: Essential for all patients with cardiovascular symptoms 6, 7
  • High-risk features requiring admission: ST-segment changes ≥1 mm, elevated troponin, recurrent chest pain, hemodynamic instability 7
  • Screen for complications: Aortic dissection, coronary dissection, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy 7

Consultation Recommendations

  • Both toxins: Contact regional poison center or medical toxicologist for severe cases (Class 1 recommendation) 4
  • Cocaine with STEMI: Immediate cardiology consultation for PCI (preferred over fibrinolytics) 7

References

Research

[Acute Datura stramonium poisoning in an emergency department].

Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983), 2007

Research

Poisoning by Datura leaves used as edible wild vegetables.

Veterinary and human toxicology, 1999

Research

[Acute intoxication with "sobi-lobi" (Datura). Four cases in Niger].

Bulletin de la Societe de pathologie exotique (1990), 2000

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Guideline

Treatment of Cocaine-Induced Tachycardia

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Guideline

Treatment of Cocaine Toxicity

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Guideline

Cocaine Detoxification Management

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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