What is the protocol for administering Rhogam (Rh immune globulin) to a postpartum patient with O negative blood who gave birth via cesarean section to an Rh-positive baby?

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Protocolo de Administración de Rhogam Posparto

La paciente O negativo debe recibir 300 μg de inmunoglobulina anti-D (Rhogam) por vía intramuscular o intravenosa dentro de las 72 horas posteriores al parto por cesárea, siempre que el bebé sea Rh positivo y la madre no esté previamente sensibilizada. 1, 2

Criterios de Elegibilidad

Antes de administrar Rhogam, confirme que:

  • La madre es Rh negativo (O negativo en este caso) 2
  • El bebé es Rh positivo (debe confirmarse mediante tipificación del cordón umbilical) 2
  • La madre NO está previamente sensibilizada (prueba de anticuerpos negativa) 1, 2
  • El bebé tiene prueba de Coombs directa negativa 2

Ventana de Tiempo Crítica

  • Administración óptima: dentro de 72 horas del parto 1, 2
  • Si se pasa la ventana de 72 horas: Aún debe administrarse hasta 28 días después del parto, aunque la protección disminuye con el retraso 1
  • La administración tardía es preferible a no administrar nada 1

Dosis Estándar

Dosis: 300 μg (dosis completa) por vía intramuscular o intravenosa 1, 2, 3

Alternativa: 120 μg puede usarse si se realiza prueba cuantitativa de hemorragia fetomaternal y esta es menor de 6 mL de glóbulos rojos fetales (12 mL de sangre fetal) 1, 3

Consideraciones Especiales para Cesárea

La cesárea aumenta el riesgo de hemorragia fetomaternal significativa debido al trauma placentario. 1, 3

Por lo tanto:

  • Considere realizar prueba cuantitativa de hemorragia fetomaternal (prueba de Kleihauer-Betke o citometría de flujo) después de cesárea 1, 3
  • Si la hemorragia fetomaternal excede 15 mL de glóbulos rojos fetales (aproximadamente 30 mL de sangre fetal), se requiere dosis adicional 1, 3
  • Dosis adicional: 10 μg por cada 0.5 mL adicional de glóbulos rojos fetales 1, 3

Contexto de Profilaxis Prenatal

Si esta paciente recibió la dosis prenatal a las 28 semanas de gestación:

  • Aún requiere la dosis posparto completa 1, 2
  • La dosis prenatal NO elimina la necesidad de la dosis posparto 2
  • El protocolo de dos dosis (prenatal + posparto) reduce la aloinmunización de 1.8% a 0.1-0.2% 1

Efectividad del Tratamiento

  • Sin Rhogam posparto: Tasa de aloinmunización de 12-13% 1, 2
  • Con Rhogam posparto solo: Reduce a 1-2% 1, 2
  • Con protocolo completo (prenatal + posparto): Reduce a 0.1-0.2% 1

Consentimiento Informado

Debe obtenerse consentimiento verbal o escrito antes de administrar Rhogam, ya que es un producto sanguíneo 3

Errores Comunes a Evitar

  • No administrar si la madre es "D débil" (Du positivo): Estas pacientes NO requieren anti-D 3, 4
  • No asumir que la cesárea sin complicaciones no requiere dosis adicional: La cesárea por sí misma es un evento de alto riesgo para hemorragia fetomaternal 1, 3
  • No omitir la dosis posparto si se dio dosis prenatal: Ambas dosis son necesarias para protección óptima 1, 2

References

Guideline

Management Guidelines for Rh Negative Pregnancy

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Research

Prevention of Rh alloimmunization.

Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC, 2003

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Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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