From the Guidelines
Goitrogens are compounds that can interfere with thyroid hormone synthesis, primarily found in cruciferous vegetables, and their consumption in moderate amounts is generally safe for healthy individuals with adequate iodine intake. These substances can be found in various foods, including cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and kale, as well as other foods such as soy products, strawberries, peaches, and peanuts 1. The mechanism by which goitrogens affect the thyroid gland is by inhibiting the enzyme thyroid peroxidase, necessary for adding iodine to thyroid hormones, thus disrupting iodine uptake and thyroid hormone production. However, it's essential to note that cooking these foods typically deactivates most goitrogens, making them safer to consume. Some key points to consider about goitrogens include:
- They are naturally occurring substances in certain foods
- They can interfere with thyroid function by disrupting iodine uptake and thyroid hormone production
- Common goitrogenic foods include cruciferous vegetables and soy products
- Cooking these foods can deactivate most goitrogens
- Individuals with existing thyroid conditions, particularly hypothyroidism, may need to be cautious with their consumption of goitrogenic foods, especially when consumed raw in large quantities 1. It is crucial for people with thyroid disorders to discuss their diet with healthcare providers to determine if they need to limit certain goitrogenic foods. The term "goitrogen" originates from "goiter," which refers to an enlarged thyroid gland that can result from prolonged exposure to these substances in susceptible individuals with inadequate iodine intake. In the context of breast cancer patients, the benefits of consuming cruciferous vegetables, which contain goitrogens, may outweigh the risks, as these vegetables have been shown to have antiproliferative and antioxidant activity in breast cancer cells 1. Therefore, a balanced diet that includes a variety of foods, with moderate consumption of goitrogenic foods, is recommended, and individuals with thyroid conditions should consult their healthcare providers for personalized dietary advice.
From the Research
Definition of Goitrogens
- Goitrogens are substances that can interfere with the function of the thyroid gland, potentially leading to thyroid disease 2.
- These substances can be found in the environment, certain medications, and some foods [(2,3)].
Types of Goitrogens
- Environmental goitrogens: pollutants that can cause goitre by acting directly on the thyroid gland or indirectly by altering its regulatory mechanisms 2.
- Naturally-occurring goitrogens: substances found in food and water that can interfere with thyroid function 3.
- Anthropogenic goitrogens: man-made substances that can act as goitrogens 2.
- Medications: certain drugs can have goitrogenic effects, especially in the presence of dietary iodine deficiency 2.
Effects of Goitrogens
- Goitrogens can cause goitre and hypothyroidism by interfering with the production or metabolism of thyroid hormones [(2,4)].
- The mechanism by which goitrogens induce trophic changes leading to goitre formation is not well understood 2.
- Goitrogens can enhance the goitrogenic effect of low iodine intake 4.