What are the active duration and half-life of zinc gluconate and copper gluconate in a generally healthy adult, particularly in older adults with potential gastrointestinal issues?

For a generally healthy adult, the active duration of zinc gluconate is approximately 4-6 hours, with a half-life of around 2-3 hours. Copper gluconate has a similar half-life, ranging from 2-4 hours. Given the patient's likely demographic as an older adult with potential gastrointestinal issues, it's essential to consider the timing and dosage of supplementation to maximize absorption. I recommend taking 15mg of elemental zinc gluconate and 1-2mg of copper gluconate daily, preferably 30 minutes before meals, to minimize food interference and optimize absorption. If the patient has a history of gastrointestinal issues or malabsorption, consider increasing the dosage or frequency of supplementation under close medical supervision. Additionally, monitoring zinc and copper levels regularly is crucial to avoid excessive or deficient levels, which can have significant health implications. In cases where oral supplementation is not effective, consider alternative routes of administration, such as intravenous or topical supplements, under the guidance of a healthcare professional.