Does Augmentin (amoxicillin and clavulanic acid) cover gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic organisms?

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Augmentin Coverage Spectrum

Yes, Augmentin (amoxicillin-clavulanate) provides broad-spectrum coverage against gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic organisms through its beta-lactamase inhibitor activity. 1

Mechanism of Action

The combination of amoxicillin with clavulanic acid protects amoxicillin from degradation by beta-lactamase enzymes, effectively extending its spectrum to include many bacteria normally resistant to amoxicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics. 1 This formulation possesses the properties of both a broad-spectrum antibiotic and a beta-lactamase inhibitor. 1

Gram-Positive Coverage

Augmentin demonstrates activity against key gram-positive organisms:

  • Staphylococcus aureus (both beta-lactamase and non-beta-lactamase-producing strains), though methicillin/oxacillin-resistant staphylococci must be considered resistant 1
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae with MICs of ≤2 mcg/mL against most strains (≥90%) 1
  • Streptococcus pyogenes and viridans group streptococci 1
  • Enterococcus faecalis 1

Gram-Negative Coverage

The drug covers important gram-negative pathogens:

  • Escherichia coli (both beta-lactamase and non-beta-lactamase-producing) 1
  • Haemophilus influenzae (both beta-lactamase and non-beta-lactamase-producing) 1
  • Klebsiella species (all known strains are beta-lactamase-producing) 1
  • Moraxella catarrhalis (both beta-lactamase and non-beta-lactamase-producing) 1
  • Proteus mirabilis 1
  • Enterobacter species (clinical efficacy demonstrated particularly in urinary tract infections) 1

Anaerobic Coverage

Augmentin provides robust anaerobic coverage:

  • Bacteroides species, including Bacteroides fragilis (both beta-lactamase and non-beta-lactamase-producing) 1
  • Fusobacterium species 1
  • Peptostreptococcus species 1
  • MICs of ≤4 mcg/mL against most (≥90%) strains of anaerobic bacteria 1

Clinical Applications

Beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations like amoxicillin-clavulanate have in vitro activity against gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobe organisms. 2 The World Society of Emergency Surgery guidelines recognize amoxicillin-clavulanate as an option for mild community-acquired intra-abdominal infections. 2, 3

For intra-abdominal infections, antibiotics should be active against enteric gram-negative aerobic and facultative bacilli, beta-lactam-susceptible gram-positive cocci, and obligate anaerobic bacilli for distal small-bowel and colon-derived infections. 2 Augmentin meets these requirements for mild-to-moderate community-acquired infections. 2

Important Limitations

Critical caveats to consider:

  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa is NOT covered by amoxicillin-clavulanate 4
  • Enterobacter species, Proteus morgani, Serratia marcescens produce beta-lactamases less susceptible to clavulanic acid and are usually resistant 4
  • Methicillin-resistant staphylococci must be considered resistant despite in vitro susceptibility 1
  • In areas with high prevalence of ampicillin/sulbactam-resistant E. coli or fluoroquinolone-resistant organisms, local resistance patterns should guide therapy 2

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Guideline

Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Efficacy and Guidelines

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Research

Augmentin: laboratory studies.

Scottish medical journal, 1982

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Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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