From the Guidelines
LDL particle size is not a significant factor in clinical practice because the current evidence does not support its use as a reliable predictor of cardiovascular risk.
Key Points
- The measurement of LDL particle size is not recommended for risk estimation in clinical practice, as stated in the 2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults 1.
- Although small, dense LDL particles may be more atherogenic, the focus of lipid-lowering therapy remains on LDL-C lowering, which has been shown to reduce the risk of major coronary events regardless of diabetes status 2.
- The distribution of advanced lipid parameters, including LDL particle size, may be different in various populations, but the outcome relationships are similar in magnitude, and no study has reported the incremental predictive value of LDL subfractions beyond traditional cardiovascular risk factors 1.
- Determination of small dense LDL may be regarded as an emerging risk factor, but it is not currently recommended for risk estimation, as stated in the ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias 3.
Clinical Implications
- The primary target of lipid-lowering therapy remains LDL-C, and statins are effective in reducing the risk of major CVD events in patients with diabetes, regardless of LDL particle size 2.
- Clinicians should focus on traditional cardiovascular risk factors and LDL-C levels when assessing cardiovascular risk and guiding lipid-lowering therapy.
- Advanced lipid measures, including LDL particle size, may be useful in research settings, but their clinical utility is limited by the lack of standardization and incremental predictive value beyond traditional risk factors 1.
From the Research
LDL Particle Size Significance
- The significance of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) particle size as a factor in cardiovascular risk assessment is debatable 4.
- Some studies suggest that LDL size measurement does not add information beyond that obtained by measuring LDL concentration, triglyceride levels, and HDL concentrations 4.
- However, other studies indicate that small, dense LDL particles are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and may be a useful predictor of cardiovascular events 5, 6, 7.
Limitations of LDL Particle Size Measurement
- The clinical significance of LDL size measurements in patients with coronary and non-coronary forms of atherosclerosis is not fully understood and requires further investigation 4.
- There is a lack of large-scale, prospective, population-based studies on the association between LDL particle size and cardiovascular risk 7.
- The measurement of LDL particle size is not routinely recommended, and its usefulness in clinical practice is still a topic of debate 6.
Association with Cardiovascular Risk
- Small, dense LDL particles have been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including ischemic heart disease 7, 8.
- The atherogenic mechanisms of LDL particles are determined not only by LDL number and size but also by LDL modifications, such as oxidation 8.
- The measurement of LDL particle size may be useful in identifying patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly those with non-coronary forms of atherosclerosis 5.