What causes dysphagia in a female patient with Ulcerative Colitis (UC)?

Dysphagia in Female Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: Causes

Dysphagia in a female patient with ulcerative colitis is most commonly caused by extraintestinal manifestations including laryngeal inflammation, autoimmune overlap syndromes (particularly Sjögren's syndrome or systemic sclerosis), medication-induced esophagitis from UC treatments, or rarely, inflammatory involvement of the upper airway or esophagus itself. 1, 2

Primary Causes to Consider

Extraintestinal Inflammatory Manifestations

• Laryngeal and upper airway inflammation can occur as a direct extraintestinal manifestation of UC, causing severe stenosis of the glottis and large airways with dysphagia, hoarseness, and dyspnea 2
• This inflammatory involvement typically responds rapidly to systemic corticosteroids, with restoration of normal airway patency within months 2
• Approximately 27% of UC patients develop extraintestinal manifestations, which can affect multiple organ systems including the respiratory tract 3

Autoimmune Overlap Syndromes

• Sjögren's syndrome is a critical consideration, as up to 80% of patients with this condition complain of dysphagia due to secretory dysfunction and esophageal dysmotility 1
• Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) causes severe esophageal hypomotility with an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter, frequently showing absent contractility with low amplitude lower esophageal sphincter on manometry 1
• Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) can affect both striated and smooth muscle, causing proximal and distal esophageal involvement that may be more variable than isolated scleroderma 1
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) causes dysmotility through unclear mechanisms with variable findings on objective evaluation 1

Medication-Induced Esophagitis

• High-risk medications commonly used in UC management include corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and NSAIDs for symptom control, all of which can cause direct mucosal injury 4
• Bisphosphonates (used for steroid-induced osteoporosis), tetracyclines, potassium supplements, and iron (for UC-related anemia) are well-documented causes of pill-induced esophagitis 1, 4
• Medication-induced ulceration typically presents as 1-2 well-marked ulcerations on endoscopy 1

Infectious Esophagitis in Immunosuppressed Patients

• Candidal esophagitis presents with whitish nummular lesions and should be considered in UC patients on immunosuppressive therapy 1
• CMV esophagitis causes deep ulcerations and is particularly relevant in patients on biologics or high-dose corticosteroids 1
• HSV esophagitis manifests as shallow ulcers in immunocompromised patients 1

Dermatologic Disease with Esophageal Involvement

• Lichen planus (LP) is the most common dermatologic disorder to affect the esophagus, with 33% having isolated esophageal involvement without cutaneous manifestations 1
• Esophageal LP presents with narrowed caliber of the proximal and middle esophagus, pale edematous mucosa with peeling/sloughing, thick white exudates, and multiple strictures 1
• Pemphigus vulgaris can cause esophageal involvement with erythema, red longitudinal lines, erosions, and blisters, diagnosed by direct immunofluorescence showing IgG and C3 deposition 1

Rare Direct UC Involvement

• Inflammatory involvement of colonic interposition grafts has been documented in patients who underwent colonic interposition for esophageal atresia, where UC can develop in the colonic conduit itself 5
• Direct esophageal involvement similar to Crohn's disease is exceedingly rare but theoretically possible, presenting with ulcerations 1

Diagnostic Approach

Initial Evaluation

• Upper endoscopy with biopsies is the definitive first-line diagnostic test, with >75% diagnostic yield for identifying infectious, inflammatory, or medication-induced causes 4
• Biopsies should include routine H&E staining and, if bullous dermatoses are suspected, additional biopsies for direct immunofluorescence sent to a pathology center with dermatopathology expertise 1
• Stool testing for C. difficile is mandatory, as this infection is more prevalent in UC patients and associated with increased morbidity 1

Additional Testing Based on Clinical Suspicion

• High-resolution esophageal manometry should be performed if autoimmune connective tissue disease is suspected, particularly to identify absent contractility characteristic of scleroderma or cricopharyngeal dysfunction in myositis 1
• Biphasic barium esophagram is an alternative with 96% sensitivity for esophageal cancer and can identify strictures, narrowing, or motility abnormalities 1, 4
• Serologic testing for autoimmune conditions (ANA, anti-Scl-70, anti-centromere, SSA/SSB antibodies) should be obtained if systemic autoimmune disease is suspected 1
• Modified barium swallow with speech therapy evaluation is appropriate if oropharyngeal dysphagia with aspiration risk is suspected 1

Critical Pitfall to Avoid

• Do not assume dysphagia is simply GERD-related without endoscopic evaluation, as distal esophageal or gastric cardia abnormalities can cause referred dysphagia to the upper chest or pharynx 1
• The entire esophagus and gastric cardia must be evaluated even when symptoms seem pharyngeal, as abnormalities of the mid or distal esophagus commonly cause referred sensation 1, 6

Management Considerations

Immediate Actions

• Discontinue potentially offending medications immediately if pill-induced esophagitis is suspected, and trial proton pump inhibitor therapy 4
• Systemic corticosteroids provide rapid improvement for laryngeal/upper airway inflammatory stenosis related to UC extraintestinal manifestations 2
• Infectious disease consultation is recommended for complex or refractory infectious esophagitis in immunosuppressed patients 1, 4

Specialist Referrals

• Rheumatology consultation is essential if systemic autoimmune disease overlap is suspected based on history, physical examination, and serologic testing 1, 4
• Colorectal surgery consultation should be obtained if severe refractory UC is contributing to systemic inflammatory burden affecting extraintestinal sites 1