What is the recommended treatment for a child suspected of having enterobiasis (pinworms)?

Treatment of Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) in Children

For a child suspected of having pinworms, treat with albendazole 400 mg as a single oral dose, repeated after 2 weeks, which is the WHO-recommended first-line therapy. 1

First-Line Treatment Options

The three equally effective first-line medications are:

• Albendazole 400 mg as a single oral dose, repeated in 2 weeks 1, 2
• Mebendazole 100 mg twice daily for 3 days OR as a single 100 mg dose, repeated in 2 weeks 3, 4
• Pyrantel pamoate 11 mg/kg (maximum 1 gram) as a single dose, repeated in 2 weeks 5, 4

Albendazole and mebendazole are preferred over pyrantel pamoate because they kill both adult worms and eggs (adulticidal and ovicidal), whereas pyrantel only kills adult worms (adulticidal only). 4

Age-Specific Considerations

• Children ≥2 years: Any of the three medications can be used at standard dosing 1, 5
• Children 12-24 months: Albendazole 400 mg can be used, but the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends expert consultation before treatment in this age group 1
• Children <2 years or <25 lbs: Do not use pyrantel pamoate unless directed by a physician 5

Critical Treatment Principles

Repeat Dosing is Mandatory

The second dose at 2 weeks is essential because these medications do not kill eggs that may hatch after initial treatment, leading to reinfection. 1, 4 This is not optional—it addresses the pinworm life cycle and prevents treatment failure.

Treat the Entire Household

All household members should be treated simultaneously, even if asymptomatic, because pinworm transmission within households is extremely common. 5, 4, 6 This includes parents, siblings, and sexual partners of adults. 6

Diagnostic Approach

While treatment can be initiated based on clinical suspicion (nocturnal perianal itching), confirmation can be obtained through:

• "Sellotape test" (adhesive tape test): Apply clear adhesive tape to the perianal region first thing in the morning before bathing, then examine under microscopy for eggs 1
• Sensitivity: Single test ~50%, but increases to ~90% when performed on 3 consecutive mornings 4
• Direct visualization: Adult worms may be visible in the perianal area at night or in stool 1

Important caveat: Stool examination is NOT recommended because pinworm eggs are rarely found in stool samples. 4

Administration Details

• Timing: Can be taken any time of day, with or without food 5
• No preparation needed: Fasting or laxatives are not required 5, 3
• Mebendazole tablets: May be chewed, swallowed whole, or crushed and mixed with food 3

Hygiene Measures (Essential Adjunct)

Treatment alone is insufficient without addressing transmission routes:

• Hand hygiene: Wash hands thoroughly after bowel movements and before meals 4, 6
• Nail care: Keep fingernails short and clean 4
• Behavioral: Discourage nail-biting, finger-sucking, and scratching the perianal area 4, 6
• Morning bathing: Shower immediately upon waking to remove eggs deposited overnight 6

When to Reassess

• If symptoms persist 3 weeks after completing both doses: Consider repeat stool/tape testing or alternative diagnosis 3, 4
• Recurrent infections are common (up to 30-40% of cases) due to reinfection from environmental contamination or inadequate household treatment, not treatment failure 4, 7
• For recurrent infections: Consider prolonged "pulse therapy" for up to 16 weeks with repeated dosing cycles 6

Special Clinical Scenarios

Pregnant women: Pyrantel pamoate is preferred over albendazole or mebendazole due to better safety profile in pregnancy 4

Ectopic infection: Rare cases of vaginal pinworm infection in girls may require extended treatment (3 courses at 3-week intervals) as the vagina can serve as a reservoir 8