What are the indications for dialysis in patients with impaired renal function, particularly older adults with a history of diabetes, hypertension, or other kidney diseases?

Indications for Dialysis in Patients with Impaired Renal Function

Dialysis should be initiated based on clinical symptoms and complications of kidney failure—not GFR alone—including serositis, refractory acid-base or electrolyte abnormalities, pruritus, inability to control volume status or blood pressure, progressive deterioration in nutritional status despite dietary intervention, or cognitive impairment, typically occurring when GFR is between 5-10 mL/min/1.73 m² 1.

Clinical Indications (Symptom-Based Approach)

The decision to start dialysis must prioritize uremic symptoms and life-threatening complications over arbitrary GFR thresholds 1:

Absolute Indications for Urgent/Emergent Dialysis

• Severe hyperkalemia (>6.0 mmol/L) or persistent hyperkalemia unresponsive to medical therapy 2
• Uremic complications: pericarditis (serositis), encephalopathy, seizures, or uremic neuropathy 1, 2
• Refractory volume overload unresponsive to diuretic therapy 3, 2
• Severe metabolic acidosis that cannot be controlled medically 3, 2
• Progressive hyperphosphatemia (>6 mg/dL) with risk of calcium-phosphate precipitation 2

Relative Indications for Planned Dialysis Initiation

• Refractory pruritus attributable to uremia 1
• Progressive protein-energy wasting or malnutrition refractory to dietary intervention 1
• Cognitive impairment attributable to uremia 1
• Inability to control blood pressure despite optimal medical management 1

GFR Considerations

While GFR should not be the sole criterion, it provides context 1:

• GFR 5-10 mL/min/1.73 m²: Most patients develop uremic symptoms in this range, but timing should be individualized based on symptom burden 1
• GFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m²: Defined as kidney failure; approximately 98% of U.S. patients begin dialysis below this threshold 1
• GFR <20 mL/min/1.73 m²: Consider preemptive living donor kidney transplantation if progressive and irreversible CKD over 6-12 months 1

Critical Pitfalls to Avoid

Do not initiate dialysis based solely on GFR or laboratory values in asymptomatic patients 1. The interpretation of symptoms must consider the expected benefit each patient may derive from starting dialysis, particularly in:

• Elderly patients: Risk of death may exceed risk of ESRD progression; dialysis may not improve quality of life or mortality 1
• Patients with severe comorbidities: Conservative management may be more appropriate than dialysis 1, 4
• Polypharmacy situations: Search diligently for reversible causes of uremic symptoms before attributing them to kidney failure 1

Avoid treating asymptomatic hypocalcemia that commonly accompanies hyperphosphatemia, as calcium supplementation can worsen calcium-phosphate precipitation in tissues 2. Only symptomatic hypocalcemia (tetany, seizures) requires cautious calcium gluconate administration 2.

Special Populations

Older Adults with Diabetes and Hypertension

• These patients have higher competing mortality risks; dialysis initiation should weigh potential benefits against burdens 1
• Conservative management with comprehensive palliative care is a reasonable alternative for those with limited life expectancy or who wish to avoid medical interventions 1, 4

Acute Kidney Injury Requiring Dialysis

• Baseline renal function, prior AKI episodes, and hemodynamic instability predict long-term outcomes 5, 6
• Dialysis initiation in AKI shows survival benefit when serum creatinine ≥3.8 mg/dL, but may increase mortality at lower creatinine concentrations 7
• Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) should be reserved for hemodynamically unstable patients 2

Pre-Dialysis Preparation

Patients with progressive CKD should be managed in a multidisciplinary setting with access to 1:

• Dietary counseling
• Education about different renal replacement therapy modalities (hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, transplantation)
• Vascular access planning and placement
• Psychological and social support

Preserve peripheral veins in patients with stage III-V CKD to facilitate future hemodialysis access 4.

Conservative Management Option

Conservative management without dialysis should be offered to patients who choose not to pursue renal replacement therapy, supported by comprehensive protocols for symptom management, psychological care, spiritual care, and advance care planning 1.