Can lichen sclerosis occur in areas other than the vulva?

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Last updated: January 22, 2026View editorial policy

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Can Lichen Sclerosus Occur Outside the Vulva?

Yes, lichen sclerosus can occur on extragenital sites in 15-20% of cases, though the anogenital region remains the predominant location in 85-98% of patients. 1

Anatomical Distribution Patterns

Anogenital Involvement (Primary Sites)

  • Females: The anogenital area is affected in 85-98% of female patients, typically presenting in a characteristic "figure-eight" pattern involving the vulva and perianal regions 1
  • Males: The disease affects the glans, foreskin, and frenulum in 57% of cases, with meatal involvement in 4% and urethral extension in 20% 2
  • Critical distinction: Perianal disease is common in females but extremely rare in males—this is an important diagnostic feature 1, 2, 3

Extragenital Sites (15-20% of Cases)

The most common extragenital locations include: 1

  • Upper trunk (most frequent extragenital site)
  • Axillae
  • Buttocks
  • Lateral thighs

Rarer extragenital sites documented include: 1

  • Mouth
  • Face
  • Scalp
  • Hands
  • Feet
  • Nails

Clinical Appearance at Extragenital Sites

  • Extragenital lesions present as porcelain-white plaques similar to genital lesions 1
  • May demonstrate follicular dells and areas of ecchymosis 1
  • Can be difficult to distinguish from morphoea (localized scleroderma) at extragenital sites 1

Critical Clinical Distinction: Malignancy Risk

Extragenital lichen sclerosus does NOT carry a risk of malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma. 1 This is a crucial difference from anogenital disease:

  • Anogenital lichen sclerosus: 4-5% risk of progression to squamous cell carcinoma, requiring long-term surveillance 1, 3, 4
  • Extragenital lichen sclerosus: No documented cases of malignant transformation 1

Important Clinical Pitfalls

Vaginal Involvement

  • It is traditionally taught that lichen sclerosus does not affect the vagina (unlike lichen planus) 5
  • However, rare cases of vaginal involvement have been documented, particularly in patients with severe vulvar disease, significant vaginal atrophy, or pelvic organ prolapse with chronic vaginal wall exposure 5
  • Vaginal lichen sclerosus may be underdiagnosed and more common than previously recognized 5

Biopsy Recommendations

  • Biopsy is mandatory for all suspected lichen sclerosus to confirm diagnosis and rule out squamous cell carcinoma, regardless of location 1, 4
  • This is particularly critical for anogenital lesions given the malignancy risk 1
  • Extragenital lesions should also be biopsied to distinguish from morphoea and other conditions 1

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Guideline

Clinical Appearance and Complications of Lichen Sclerosus on the Penis

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Guideline

Lichen Sclerosus Clinical Manifestations and Complications

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Guideline

Lichen Planus and Lichen Sclerosus Etiology and Triggers

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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