What is the algorithm for first-line, second-line, and third-line antihypertensive medications for the management of hypertension in patients with various comorbid conditions and demographic characteristics?

Antihypertensive Medication Algorithm: First, Second, and Third Line

For most patients with hypertension, first-line therapy should be a thiazide-like diuretic (chlorthalidone preferred over hydrochlorothiazide), an ACE inhibitor or ARB, or a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, with the specific choice guided by blood pressure severity, comorbidities, and race. 1

Blood Pressure Thresholds and Treatment Intensity

Stage 1 Hypertension (130-139/80-89 mmHg)

• Start with single-agent therapy if BP is 130-150/80-90 mmHg and patient has established cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, or 10-year ASCVD risk ≥10% 1
• If no high-risk features, initiate lifestyle modifications and reassess every 3-6 months 1

Stage 2 Hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg or ≥150/90 mmHg)

• Initiate two-drug combination therapy immediately when BP is ≥150/90 mmHg or ≥160/100 mmHg 1, 2
• Two medications increase likelihood of achieving BP control within 3 months and reduce cardiovascular events more effectively than sequential monotherapy 2
• Single-pill combinations improve medication adherence 1, 2

First-Line Drug Selection Algorithm

For Patients WITHOUT Specific Comorbidities

Non-Black Patients:

• Preferred: ACE inhibitor or ARB + dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (e.g., lisinopril 10 mg + amlodipine 5 mg daily) 2, 3
• Alternative: ACE inhibitor or ARB + thiazide-like diuretic (e.g., lisinopril 10 mg + chlorthalidone 12.5 mg daily) 2
• Monotherapy option: Thiazide-like diuretic (chlorthalidone preferred) has the strongest mortality and morbidity reduction evidence 1, 4, 5

Black Patients:

• Preferred: Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker + thiazide-like diuretic 1, 3
• Alternative: ARB + dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker 3
• ACE inhibitors are less effective than calcium channel blockers and thiazides in preventing stroke and heart failure in Black patients 1

For Patients WITH Specific Comorbidities

Diabetes with Albuminuria (UACR ≥30 mg/g):

• Mandatory first-line: ACE inhibitor or ARB to reduce progressive kidney disease 1
• Add dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker or thiazide-like diuretic as second agent 1

Chronic Kidney Disease (with or without diabetes):

• First-line: ACE inhibitor or ARB at maximum tolerated dose 1
• Continue ACE inhibitor/ARB even as eGFR declines to <30 mL/min/1.73 m² for cardiovascular benefit 1
• Add dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker or loop diuretic (if eGFR <30) as second agent 1

Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF):

• Mandatory regimen: Guideline-directed beta-blocker (carvedilol, metoprolol succinate, or bisoprolol) + ACE inhibitor or ARB + mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist + SGLT2 inhibitor 1
• Consider angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (sacubitril-valsartan) instead of ACE inhibitor/ARB 1
• Avoid: Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (diltiazem, verapamil) 1

Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF):

• First-line: SGLT2 inhibitor for outcome improvement 1
• Add diuretics for volume overload, then ACE inhibitor/ARB or mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist for additional BP control 1

Coronary Artery Disease/Post-MI:

• First-line: Guideline-directed beta-blocker + ACE inhibitor or ARB 1
• For angina, add dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker for additional BP control 1

Stroke/TIA (Secondary Prevention):

• First-line: Thiazide diuretic + ACE inhibitor combination, or ARB monotherapy 1
• Target systolic BP 120-130 mmHg 1
• Restart or initiate therapy a few days post-event if BP ≥140/90 mmHg 1

Atrial Fibrillation:

• Preferred: ARB to reduce AF recurrence 1

Post-Kidney Transplant:

• First-line: Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker to improve graft survival and GFR 1
• Use ACE inhibitor/ARB with caution 1
• Target BP <160/90 mmHg in first month post-transplant to avoid hypotension-induced graft thrombosis 1

Second-Line Therapy (When First-Line Inadequate)

If Starting with Monotherapy

• Add a second drug from a different class rather than increasing the dose of the first drug 2, 3
• Preferred combinations:
  • ACE inhibitor/ARB + calcium channel blocker 2
  • ACE inhibitor/ARB + thiazide-like diuretic 2
  • Calcium channel blocker + thiazide-like diuretic 1

If Starting with Dual Therapy

• Titrate both medications to full doses before adding a third agent 2
• Reassess in 2-4 weeks after dose adjustments 2, 3

Third-Line Therapy (Resistant Hypertension)

Definition: BP remains ≥130/80 mmHg despite adherence to three antihypertensive drugs at optimal doses, including a diuretic 1

Before Adding Third Agent

• Verify medication adherence and identify interfering substances (NSAIDs, decongestants, licorice, excessive alcohol) 3
• Screen for secondary causes: Primary aldosteronism, obstructive sleep apnea, renal artery stenosis, pheochromocytoma 3
• Reinforce lifestyle measures, especially sodium restriction to <1500 mg/day 1

Third-Line Drug Selection

First choice: Add low-dose spironolactone (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist) to existing regimen 1

If spironolactone not tolerated or contraindicated:

• Eplerenone (alternative mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist) 1
• Amiloride (potassium-sparing diuretic) 1
• Higher-dose thiazide-like diuretic or loop diuretic 1

Fourth-line options (if still uncontrolled):

• Beta-blocker (bisoprolol) if not already prescribed 1
• Alpha-blocker (doxazosin) 1
• Centrally acting agent (clonidine) 1
• Direct vasodilator (hydralazine) 1

Interventional option: Catheter-based renal denervation may be considered at high-volume centers after multidisciplinary assessment and shared decision-making 1

Blood Pressure Targets

• Most adults <65 years: <130/80 mmHg 1
• Adults ≥65 years: Systolic <130 mmHg (minimum acceptable <140/90 mmHg) 1, 3
• Diabetes, CKD, or established CVD: <130/80 mmHg 1
• Moderate-to-severe CKD (eGFR >30): Systolic 120-129 mmHg if tolerated 1
• Achieve target within 3 months of initiating therapy 2, 3

Monitoring Requirements

Initial Follow-Up

• 2-4 weeks after initiation or dose adjustment to assess BP response and adverse effects 2, 3
• Check serum creatinine and potassium 7-14 days after starting or adjusting ACE inhibitors, ARBs, or mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists 1
• Check for hypokalemia when using diuretics 1

Ongoing Monitoring

• Monthly visits for drug titration until BP controlled 1
• Once controlled, recheck every 3-6 months 3
• Encourage home BP monitoring throughout treatment 3

Critical Pitfalls to Avoid

Never combine two RAS blockers (ACE inhibitor + ARB) as this increases risk of hyperkalemia, syncope, and acute kidney injury without additional cardiovascular benefit 1, 3

Avoid clinical inertia: Immediate combination therapy for Stage 2 hypertension is more effective than sequential monotherapy titration 2, 3

Do not discontinue lifestyle modifications once drug therapy starts—they are complementary and may reduce medication requirements 3

Avoid ACE inhibitors, ARBs, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, direct renin inhibitors, and neprilysin inhibitors in sexually active individuals of childbearing potential not using reliable contraception; these are contraindicated in pregnancy 1

Beta-blockers are inferior to thiazides for first-line therapy and should not be used as initial monotherapy unless compelling indication exists (post-MI, heart failure, angina) 1, 5

High-dose thiazides (hydrochlorothiazide >25 mg) do not reduce CHD and are inferior to low-dose thiazide-like diuretics (chlorthalidone 12.5-25 mg) 1, 6