Differential Diagnosis for Dizziness
Single Most Likely Diagnosis
- Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV): This condition is characterized by brief, episodic vertigo triggered by specific head movements. It's a common cause of dizziness, especially in older adults, due to the displacement of otolith crystals in the inner ear.
Other Likely Diagnoses
- Vestibular Migraine: A condition that involves vertigo, often accompanied by headache, sensitivity to light and sound, and sometimes visual auras. It's a common cause of dizziness in patients with a history of migraines.
- Labyrinthitis: An inner ear disorder characterized by inflammation of the labyrinth, which can cause vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus. It often follows a viral infection.
- Medication Side Effects: Various medications, including antihistamines, antidepressants, and blood pressure medications, can cause dizziness as a side effect.
- Orthostatic Hypotension: A sudden drop in blood pressure upon standing, leading to dizziness or lightheadedness. It can be due to dehydration, blood loss, or certain medications.
Do Not Miss Diagnoses
- Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): Although less common, vertigo can be a symptom of a stroke or TIA, especially when accompanied by other neurological deficits. Early recognition is crucial for timely intervention.
- Meniere's Disease: A disorder of the inner ear that affects balance and hearing, causing episodes of vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, and ear fullness. While not immediately life-threatening, it significantly impacts quality of life.
- Cardiac Arrhythmias: Abnormal heart rhythms can lead to reduced cardiac output, resulting in dizziness or syncope. Conditions like atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia require prompt medical attention.
Rare Diagnoses
- Acoustic Neuroma: A rare, benign tumor on the nerve connecting the inner ear to the brain, which can cause vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
- Multiple Sclerosis: An autoimmune disease that can affect the brain and spinal cord, leading to a wide range of symptoms, including vertigo, depending on the areas affected.
- Mal de Debarquement Syndrome: A rare condition characterized by persistent vertigo and imbalance after a sea voyage or other motion experience, which can last for months or even years.