What are the symptoms and treatment for a patient experiencing an allergic reaction to Synthroid (levothyroxine)?

Synthroid Allergic Reaction: Symptoms and Management

Immediate Recognition of Allergic Symptoms

True allergic reactions to Synthroid (levothyroxine) are extremely rare because levothyroxine's structure is identical to natural thyroxine; most reactions are actually hypersensitivity responses to inactive ingredients (excipients) such as fillers, dyes, or tartrazine (FD&C Yellow No. 5). 1, 2

Primary Symptoms to Recognize

Hypersensitivity reactions to Synthroid typically manifest as:

• Dermatologic manifestations: Urticaria, pruritus, skin rash, flushing, and angioedema (including periorbital edema which may be asymmetric) 1, 2
• Gastrointestinal symptoms: Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea 1
• Respiratory symptoms: Wheezing, bronchospasm (particularly in tartrazine-sensitive patients with aspirin hypersensitivity), and dyspnea 1
• Systemic manifestations: Fever, arthralgia, and serum sickness 1

Severe Anaphylactic Presentations

In rare severe cases, symptoms may include:

• Cardiovascular compromise: Tachycardia, blood pressure changes, and hypotension 3
• Respiratory distress: Bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, and shortness of breath 3
• Widespread cutaneous involvement: Extensive urticaria and angioedema 3

Immediate Treatment Algorithm

For Mild Reactions (Isolated Rash, Pruritus, Localized Urticaria)

Discontinue Synthroid immediately and administer oral antihistamines as first-line therapy. 4, 5

• Give loratadine 10 mg orally OR cetirizine 10 mg orally 4
• Apply cool compresses or topical corticosteroids to affected areas 3
• Observe patient for 4-6 hours to ensure symptoms do not progress 4

For Moderate Reactions (Diffuse Urticaria, Angioedema, GI Symptoms)

Administer antihistamines plus H2 blockers and consider systemic corticosteroids. 4, 5

• Give diphenhydramine 50 mg IM or IV 3
• Add ranitidine 1-2 mg/kg (H2 blocker) 4
• Consider hydrocortisone 200 mg IV (adults) or prednisone 50-60 mg orally for ongoing management 3, 6
• Monitor vital signs every 15-30 minutes 3

For Severe Reactions/Anaphylaxis (Hypotension, Bronchospasm, Respiratory Distress)

Epinephrine is the first-line treatment and must never be delayed. 3, 4

• Administer epinephrine 0.01 mg/kg IM (1:1,000 solution), maximum 0.5 mg per dose 4
• Place patient in recumbent position with elevated lower extremities to increase venous return 3
• Give IV fluid bolus 10-20 mL/kg for hypotension 3
• Administer supplemental oxygen for hypoxia 3
• Give diphenhydramine 50 mg IV and hydrocortisone 200 mg IV as adjunctive therapy (never as replacement for epinephrine) 3
• Monitor continuously and observe for at least 6 hours or until stable 4

Critical caveat: Antihistamines and corticosteroids do not treat the acute phase of anaphylaxis but may prevent biphasic or protracted reactions; they should never replace epinephrine. 4

Post-Reaction Management Strategy

Formulation Switching Protocol

Switch to a levothyroxine formulation with minimal excipients rather than abandoning thyroid hormone replacement entirely. 2

• First option: Trial Tirosint (levothyroxine in gel capsules) which contains only glycerin, gelatin, and water—no dyes, gluten, lactose, or other common allergens 2
• Second option: If Tirosint unavailable, try different brand formulations sequentially, as reactions are typically to specific inactive ingredients, not levothyroxine itself 2
• Avoid formulations containing tartrazine (FD&C Yellow No. 5) in patients with aspirin hypersensitivity 1

When Desensitization Is Necessary

Desensitization should only be considered if no suitable alternative formulation can be found and thyroid hormone replacement is absolutely necessary. 5, 7

• Refer to an allergist with expertise in drug desensitization 3
• Desensitization must be performed in a monitored setting with emergency equipment available 3
• Patient must be desensitized with each dose if previously had a severe reaction 3

Important limitation: If a patient has had a very severe life-threatening anaphylactic reaction, the implicated formulation should not be used again, even with desensitization. 3

Diagnostic Confirmation

Allergy Testing Considerations

Skin testing for levothyroxine allergy has limited utility since reactions are typically to excipients, not the active drug. 3, 5

• Patch testing may identify specific excipient sensitivities once acute inflammation resolves (typically 4-6 weeks post-reaction) 6
• Testing should be performed by trained allergist personnel with appropriate controls 3
• Rechallenge with alternative formulation under medical supervision is often the most practical diagnostic approach 2

Critical Pitfalls to Avoid

• Do not confuse hyperthyroidism symptoms with allergic reactions: Palpitations, tachycardia, anxiety, and tremors from overdosage are not allergic reactions 1
• Do not delay epinephrine in anaphylaxis: Waiting to see if antihistamines work can be fatal 4
• Do not assume all levothyroxine formulations will cause reactions: The reaction is usually to specific inactive ingredients, not the hormone itself 2
• Do not use first-generation antihistamines as first-line in hemodynamically unstable patients: They can exacerbate hypotension 4