How do you interpret an arterial blood gas (ABG) result in a patient with an unknown medical history?

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Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Interpretation

Use a systematic three-step approach: first evaluate pH to determine acidemia or alkalemia, then examine PaCO2 to identify the respiratory component, and finally evaluate base excess/bicarbonate to identify the metabolic component. 1

Step 1: Assess Oxygenation Status

  • Check PaO2: Normal is >90 mmHg on room air at sea level 2
  • Evaluate P(A-a)O2 gradient: Normal is <15 mmHg (or <20 mmHg if age ≥65 years) 2
  • Interpret oxygen saturation: Normal arterial oxygen saturation is >94% 2
  • Recognize critical hypoxemia: PaO2 <60 mmHg indicates severe hypoxemia requiring immediate intervention 2

Step 2: Determine Acid-Base Status

Evaluate pH First

  • pH <7.35: Acidemia present 1
  • pH >7.45: Alkalemia present 1
  • pH 7.35-7.45: Normal or fully compensated disorder 3, 4

Identify the Primary Disorder

If acidemia (pH <7.35):

  • PaCO2 >45 mmHg: Respiratory acidosis 1, 3
  • HCO3- <22 mmol/L: Metabolic acidosis 1, 5

If alkalemia (pH >7.45):

  • PaCO2 <35 mmHg: Respiratory alkalosis 3, 4
  • HCO3- >26 mmol/L: Metabolic alkalosis 3, 4

Step 3: Assess for Compensation

  • Respiratory compensation for metabolic disorders: PaCO2 changes by approximately 1.2 mmHg for every 1 mmol/L change in HCO3- 3, 4
  • Metabolic compensation for respiratory disorders: HCO3- changes by 1 mmol/L for every 10 mmHg change in PaCO2 in acute conditions 3, 4
  • Full compensation: pH returns to normal range (7.35-7.45) but never crosses midpoint of 7.40 3, 6
  • Partial compensation: pH remains abnormal but is moving toward normal 3, 6

Step 4: Calculate Delta Ratio for Metabolic Acidosis

When anion gap is elevated (>12 mmol/L):

  • Calculate delta ratio: (Anion Gap - 12) / (24 - HCO3-) 1
  • Delta ratio <1: Concurrent normal anion gap metabolic acidosis 1
  • Delta ratio 1-2: Pure anion gap metabolic acidosis 1
  • Delta ratio >2: Concurrent metabolic alkalosis 1

Critical Clinical Contexts

Suspected Perforated Peptic Ulcer

  • Obtain ABG analysis routinely along with laboratory studies in all suspected cases 2
  • Look for metabolic acidosis which indicates peritonitis and systemic inflammation 2

Hepatopulmonary Syndrome

  • Measure PaO2 and P(A-a)O2: PaO2 <80 mmHg and P(A-a)O2 ≥15 mmHg (≥20 mmHg if age ≥65) confirms diagnosis 2
  • Perform ABG in upright position: Orthodeoxia is characteristic 2

Acute Ischemic Priapism

  • Obtain corporal blood gas at initial presentation: PO2 <30 mmHg, PCO2 >60 mmHg, pH <7.25 confirms ischemic priapism 2
  • Compare to normal arterial values: PO2 >90 mmHg, PCO2 <40 mmHg, pH 7.40 2

Adrenal Crisis (Addison's Crisis)

  • Expect metabolic acidosis: pH <7.35, HCO3- <22 mmol/L 5
  • Check for hyperkalemia and hyponatremia: Classic triad with metabolic acidosis 5
  • Assess for hypoglycemia: Particularly in children but can occur in adults 5

Oxygen Therapy Titration

  • Target SpO2 88-92% for COPD and hypercapnic respiratory failure 2, 1
  • Target SpO2 94-98% for all other patients 2, 1
  • Repeat ABG within 60 minutes after starting or changing oxygen therapy in patients at risk for CO2 retention 2, 7
  • Monitor for respiratory acidosis: pH <7.35 with PaCO2 >6.0 kPa (45 mmHg) indicates need for non-invasive ventilation 2, 1

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

  • Never assume normal SpO2 excludes acid-base disturbances: Pulse oximetry cannot detect hypercapnia or metabolic acidosis 1, 7
  • Do not discontinue oxygen to obtain room air measurement in patients who clearly require oxygen therapy 2
  • Always repeat ABG after oxygen titration in patients with baseline hypercapnia or at risk for CO2 retention 1, 7
  • Recognize mixed disorders: Calculate delta ratio when anion gap is elevated to identify concurrent metabolic processes 1
  • Consider clinical context: ABG interpretation must integrate patient history, physical examination findings, and other laboratory values 2, 3, 6

Technical Considerations

  • Perform Allen's test before radial artery puncture to ensure dual blood supply to the hand 1, 7
  • Use arterial samples rather than venous in critically ill patients, especially those with shock or on vasopressors 1, 7
  • Apply local anesthesia for all ABG specimens except emergencies 7
  • Consider capillary blood gas as alternative for re-measuring PaCO2 and pH during oxygen titration 1

References

Guideline

Arterial Blood Gas Interpretation and Management

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Guideline

Arterial Blood Gas Findings in Addison's Crisis

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Research

Interpretation of arterial blood gas.

Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine, 2010

Guideline

Role of Arterial Blood Gas Analysis in CVICU Management

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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