From the Research
Effect of Testosterone on Dopamine Levels
- The relationship between testosterone and dopamine levels is complex and has been studied in various contexts, including decision-making behaviors and neuroprotection 1, 2, 3, 4.
- Research suggests that testosterone can increase dopamine levels in certain areas of the brain, such as the neostriatum and nucleus accumbens 2.
- A study found that intranasal administration of testosterone increased dopamine and serotonin levels in the neostriatum and nucleus accumbens, while subcutaneous administration had a more limited effect 2.
- Testosterone has also been shown to increase response to dopamine receptor antagonists, which can contribute to changes in decision-making behaviors 1.
Mechanisms of Testosterone's Effect on Dopamine
- Testosterone's effect on dopamine levels may be mediated by its conversion to 17β-estradiol and activation of estrogen receptors (ER) or by direct activation of androgen receptors (AR) 4.
- The presence of sex steroid receptors, such as ER and AR, in midbrain dopamine neurons suggests that these neurons are responsive to circulating sex steroids 4.
- Testosterone has been shown to increase tyrosine hydroxylase protein and mRNA, as well as dopamine breakdown enzyme mRNA levels, in the adolescent male rat substantia nigra 4.
Context-Dependent Effects of Testosterone on Dopamine
- The effect of testosterone on dopamine levels and behavior may depend on the context, such as social status or the presence of certain genetic polymorphisms 5.
- Testosterone has been shown to increase motivation to compete for status in individuals with an unstable low social status, but decrease competition behavior in those with a low stable status 5.
- The relationship between testosterone and dopamine may also be influenced by factors such as age, with adolescent males potentially being more vulnerable to the effects of testosterone on dopamine regulation 4.