What is the best management approach for a 39-year-old female patient with a history of migraines, back pain, and depression, who presented with chest pain, mildly elevated troponins, and no significant evidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) on cardiac catheterization, but possible coronary artery spasm or microvascular angina?

Management of Coronary Artery Spasm and Microvascular Angina

This patient should be treated with combination therapy of a calcium channel blocker (amlodipine 5-10 mg daily) and long-acting nitrates, with avoidance of beta-blockers, and counseling to avoid cold exposure triggers.

Diagnostic Confirmation

Your patient's presentation—chest pain with troponin elevation (146 ng/L), normal coronary angiography, preserved LVEF, and suspected cold-triggered spasm—fits the diagnostic criteria for vasospastic angina with possible microvascular component 1.

• The absence of significant coronary stenosis does not preclude the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome, as coronary spasm can occur in angiographically normal vessels 1.
• Provocative testing with acetylcholine or ergonovine may be considered to confirm coronary spasm if the diagnosis remains uncertain, though this is optional given the clinical presentation already suggests vasospasm 1.
• Approximately 25% of patients with chest pain and no obstructive CAD have microvascular spasm, which can coexist with epicardial spasm 2.

Primary Medical Management

First-Line Therapy: Calcium Channel Blockers

Calcium channel blockers are the cornerstone of treatment for vasospastic angina 1, 3.

• Start amlodipine 5 mg daily, titrating to 10 mg daily as this is FDA-approved specifically for vasospastic (Prinzmetal's) angina 3.
• Amlodipine demonstrated efficacy in reducing angina attacks by approximately 4 episodes per week compared to placebo in vasospastic angina trials 3.
• In the CAMELOT trial, amlodipine reduced hospitalizations for angina by 42% and coronary revascularization procedures by 27% in patients with documented CAD 3.

Second-Line Therapy: Nitrates

• Add long-acting nitrates (isosorbide mononitrate 30-60 mg daily or isosorbide dinitrate 20-40 mg three times daily) to calcium channel blockers 1.
• Sublingual nitroglycerin should be prescribed for acute symptom relief 1.
• The combination of nitrates and calcium channel blockers is recommended for patients with variant angina and no obstructive coronary lesions 1.

Critical Medication Considerations

Avoid beta-blockers in this patient 4.

• While beta-blockers are standard therapy for typical angina, they may be less effective or potentially harmful in pure vasospastic angina by allowing unopposed alpha-adrenergic vasoconstriction 4.
• Beta-blockers are most effective in microvascular angina when there is a primary sympathetic component, but this patient's cold-triggered spasm suggests a different mechanism 4.

Risk Stratification and Prognosis

• Patients with vasospastic angina and atherosclerotic lesions (even non-obstructive) are at higher risk for adverse events than those with completely normal arteries 1.
• The elevated troponin indicates actual myocardial injury occurred, placing this patient at higher risk 5.
• Vasospastic angina is associated with major adverse events including sudden cardiac death, acute MI, and syncope, necessitating aggressive medical management 5.

Lifestyle Modifications and Trigger Avoidance

• Counsel the patient to avoid cold exposure, which was the suspected trigger in this case 1.
• Smoking cessation is critical, as smoking is a potent trigger for coronary spasm 1.
• Avoid other potential triggers including emotional stress, hyperventilation, and certain medications (cocaine, amphetamines) 1.

Management of Comorbid Migraine

This patient's history of migraines is particularly relevant:

• Migraine and coronary microvascular dysfunction may share a common pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction and vasomotor abnormalities 6.
• Patients with migraine have significantly reduced coronary flow reserve (1.99 ± 0.3 vs 2.90 ± 0.5 in controls, p<0.05), suggesting systemic microvascular dysfunction 6.
• Calcium channel blockers used for coronary spasm may also provide migraine prophylaxis, offering dual benefit 6.

Follow-Up Strategy

• Schedule follow-up in 2-4 weeks to assess symptom control and medication tolerance 1.
• If symptoms persist despite optimal medical therapy with calcium channel blockers and nitrates, consider provocative testing to definitively diagnose coronary spasm 1.
• Serial troponin measurements are not needed for chronic management unless recurrent acute symptoms develop 1.
• Stress testing is not indicated in this patient given the documented spasm mechanism and normal coronary arteries 1.

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

• Do not treat this as typical atherosclerotic angina with beta-blockers as first-line therapy, as this may worsen vasospastic symptoms 4.
• Do not assume the patient is low-risk simply because coronary angiography showed no obstructive disease—vasospastic angina carries significant morbidity and mortality risk 5.
• Do not discontinue antiplatelet therapy prematurely—continue aspirin 75-100 mg daily for secondary prevention given the troponin elevation indicating myocardial injury 1, 7.
• Do not overlook the connection between migraine and microvascular dysfunction, as this suggests systemic endothelial dysfunction requiring comprehensive management 6.

Secondary Prevention

• Continue high-intensity statin therapy for cardiovascular risk reduction regardless of LDL level, as this patient had an acute coronary syndrome 7.
• Address depression with appropriate therapy, as depression is associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes and may affect medication adherence 1.
• Optimize management of all cardiovascular risk factors including blood pressure control 3.