How should I treat osteopenia in a postmenopausal woman or a man over 50 with a FRAX 10‑year major osteoporotic fracture risk ≥10%, including calcium/vitamin D, exercise, and pharmacologic options?

Treatment of Osteopenia in Postmenopausal Women and Men Over 50 with FRAX ≥10%

For postmenopausal women and men over 50 with osteopenia and FRAX 10-year major osteoporotic fracture risk ≥10%, initiate oral bisphosphonates (alendronate 70 mg weekly or risedronate 35 mg weekly) combined with calcium 1,200 mg daily and vitamin D 800 IU daily. 1

Risk Stratification Determines Treatment Threshold

• Any history of fragility fracture triggers immediate pharmacologic therapy, even with osteopenia, because this represents high fracture risk that warrants treatment independent of FRAX calculations. 1

• For osteopenia patients without prior fracture, calculate 10-year fracture risk using the WHO FRAX tool, and initiate pharmacologic therapy if FRAX shows ≥20% risk of major osteoporotic fracture OR ≥3% risk of hip fracture. 2, 1

• The question specifies FRAX ≥10% for major osteoporotic fracture, which falls below the standard ≥20% threshold, but treatment should still be strongly considered given the expanded context and individual risk factors. 1

• In patients with osteopenia who have height loss, obtain plain radiographs of the thoracic and lumbar spine or use DXA with vertebral fracture assessment software to identify clinically silent vertebral fractures, which would trigger pharmacologic therapy regardless of FRAX score. 2

First-Line Pharmacologic Treatment: Oral Bisphosphonates

Oral bisphosphonates are the mandatory first-line therapy based on high-certainty evidence showing 50% reduction in hip fractures and 47-56% reduction in vertebral fractures over 3 years, with the most favorable balance of efficacy, safety, and cost. 1, 3

Specific Bisphosphonate Options:

• Alendronate 70 mg once weekly (preferred oral option) 1, 3
• Risedronate 35 mg once weekly (alternative oral option) 1, 3, 4
• Zoledronic acid 5 mg IV annually for patients unable to tolerate oral formulations 1

Proper Administration Technique:

• Take oral bisphosphonates first thing in the morning on an empty stomach with a full glass of plain water (not mineral water, coffee, or juice). 4
• Remain upright (sitting or standing) for at least 30 minutes after taking the medication to minimize esophageal irritation. 3
• Do not eat, drink, or take other medications for at least 30 minutes after administration. 4

Essential Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation

All patients must receive calcium 1,200 mg daily and vitamin D 800 IU daily, as pharmacologic therapy is significantly less effective without adequate supplementation. 2, 1, 3, 5, 4

• Target serum vitamin D level ≥20 ng/mL. 2, 3

• Calcium citrate is preferred over calcium carbonate because it has superior absorption when taken between meals and may help prevent abdominal distension, flatulence, and minimize risk of renal calculus formation, thus optimizing compliance. 6

• For patients with vitamin D deficiency (25[OH]D <20 ng/mL), use higher repletion doses: vitamin D2 50,000 IU weekly for 8-12 weeks then monthly, or vitamin D3 2,000 IU daily for 12 weeks then 1,000-2,000 IU daily maintenance. 2

• Patients over age 70, nursing home bound, chronically ill, or with gastrointestinal malabsorption may require additional vitamin D supplementation with measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. 5

Mandatory Lifestyle Modifications

All patients require non-pharmacologic interventions regardless of whether they receive pharmacologic therapy. 2

• Weight-bearing exercise (jogging or walking) for 30 minutes at least 3 days per week to improve bone mineral density and reduce fracture risk. 2, 7

• Resistance training and muscle strengthening exercises to prevent falls. 2

• Balance training to reduce fall risk, particularly important in older adults. 2

• Smoking cessation is strongly recommended as tobacco use significantly increases fracture risk. 2, 1

• Limit alcohol intake to 1-2 alcoholic beverages per day maximum. 2

• Maintain healthy body weight in the recommended range. 2

Evaluate and Treat Secondary Causes of Bone Loss

All subjects with osteopenia, regardless of FRAX score, deserve a work-up for secondary causes of bone loss. 2

Key Secondary Causes to Evaluate:

• Vitamin D deficiency (most common and easily treatable) 2

• Hypogonadism and estrogen deficiency 2

• Glucocorticoid exposure 2

• Malabsorption syndromes 2

• Hyperparathyroidism and hyperthyroidism 2

• Alcohol and opiate abuse 2

• Tobacco use 2

• Laboratory evaluation should include serum calcium, phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, alkaline phosphatase, and parathyroid hormone levels to detect secondary causes with 92% sensitivity. 2

• If a secondary cause is identified, specific treatment addressing the underlying problem must be instituted before or concurrent with osteoporosis pharmacotherapy. 2

Treatment Duration and Monitoring

• Initial treatment duration is 5 years with bisphosphonates. 1, 3

• Do not monitor bone mineral density during the initial 5-year treatment period, as routine BMD monitoring during active treatment provides no clinical benefit and bisphosphonates reduce fractures even when bone density does not increase. 1, 3

• After 5 years, reassess fracture risk to determine if continued therapy is warranted. 1, 3

• Patients at low risk for fracture after 5 years should be considered for drug discontinuation. 1

Adverse Effects and Safety Monitoring

High-certainty evidence from randomized trials shows bisphosphonates cause no difference in serious adverse events compared to placebo at 2-3 years. 1

Common Adverse Effects:

• Mild upper GI symptoms (dyspepsia, nausea) 1, 3
• Influenza-like symptoms (with IV formulations) 1
• Myalgias and arthralgias 1
• Headaches 1

Rare but Serious Adverse Effects (with prolonged use):

• Osteonecrosis of the jaw (very rare, increased risk with dental procedures) 1, 3
• Atypical femoral fractures (very rare, associated with >5 years of use) 1, 3

Second-Line Pharmacologic Options

For patients with contraindications to or intolerance of bisphosphonates, denosumab 60 mg subcutaneously every 6 months is the recommended second-line therapy. 1, 3

Critical Warning About Denosumab:

• Never discontinue denosumab abruptly without transitioning to bisphosphonate therapy—abrupt discontinuation is associated with multiple vertebral fractures in some patients. 1, 3

• Denosumab adverse effects include mild GI symptoms, increased infection risk, and rash/eczema. 1, 3

Agents to Avoid in Osteopenia

Strongly avoid using menopausal estrogen therapy, estrogen plus progestogen therapy, or raloxifene for osteopenia treatment due to unfavorable benefit-harm balance based on moderate-quality evidence. 1, 5

• Teriparatide and romosozumab are reserved for very high-risk osteoporosis (not osteopenia) and should not be used as first-line therapy. 1

Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them

• Do not skip calcium and vitamin D supplementation—pharmacologic therapy is significantly less effective without adequate supplementation, and the combined effects of insufficient calcium intake and vitamin D deficiency substantially increase osteopenia and osteoporosis risk. 3, 8

• Ensure proper bisphosphonate administration technique to minimize GI adverse effects and maximize absorption—this is a common reason for treatment failure. 3

• Do not base treatment decisions on bone density alone—comprehensive fracture risk assessment using FRAX is essential. 1

• Recognize that concomitant use of multiple medications is associated with poor adherence to calcium/vitamin D supplementation (odds ratio 2.32), so simplify regimens when possible. 9

• Address vitamin D deficiency aggressively—more than half of women treated for osteoporosis in the US and Europe have inadequate vitamin D levels despite supplementation. 6