What are the physical examination findings of osteomyelitis?

Physical Examination Findings of Osteomyelitis

The physical examination findings of osteomyelitis are often subtle or absent in early disease, but key signs include visible or palpable bone through a wound, "sausage toe" appearance (swollen, erythematous, lacking normal contours), deep ulcers over bony prominences, and a positive probe-to-bone test—though no single clinical finding is specific for osteomyelitis. 1, 2, 3

Critical Physical Examination Maneuvers

Probe-to-Bone Test (PTB)

• Explore every foot wound at each consultation with a sterile blunt metal probe to assess true ulcer depth and detect bone contact 1
• A positive PTB test (palpable hard, gritty bone) has a positive likelihood ratio of 9.2 in high-risk patients with clinically infected wounds 2, 3
• The accuracy of PTB testing is directly related to pretest probability: highly suggestive when a clinically infected wound is present, but not specific in apparently uninfected wounds 1
• A negative PTB test does not exclude osteomyelitis 1

Wound Characteristics That Increase Likelihood of Osteomyelitis

• Visible or exposed bone in the wound base has a positive likelihood ratio of 9.2 2, 3
• Ulcer area greater than 2 cm² has a positive likelihood ratio of 7.2 1, 2, 3
• Non-healing ulcer despite at least 6 weeks of appropriate wound care and off-loading in patients with adequate blood supply 1, 2, 3
• Deep ulcers, particularly those extending to bone or joint 1
• Ulcers located over bony prominences (metatarsal heads, calcaneus, malleoli) 2

Specific Physical Findings by Location

Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis

• "Sausage toe": swollen, erythematous digit lacking normal contours—highly suggestive of underlying osteomyelitis 1, 2, 3
• Local ulceration at the toe or metatarsophalangeal joint 1
• Swollen foot with history of ulceration 3, 4
• Chronic ulcers that have not healed despite proper care 3, 4

Pelvic Osteomyelitis (Pressure Injuries)

• Purulent drainage from the wound 1
• Bone exposure through stage IV pressure injuries 1
• Clinical examination findings alone have notably low sensitivity (22% to 33%) for diagnosing pelvic osteomyelitis 1
• Development of draining fistulas suggests progression 1

Findings That Do NOT Influence Likelihood of Osteomyelitis

• Presence or absence of wound infection signs (erythema, warmth) does not affect osteomyelitis likelihood 1, 3
• Elevated white blood cell count does not influence osteomyelitis likelihood 1
• Normal inflammatory markers (ESR, CRP) do not exclude osteomyelitis, as these are non-specific and can be elevated from multiple factors 1, 4

Early Disease Presentation

Subtle or Absent Findings

• Erythema and swelling over the affected area may be subtle or absent in early osteomyelitis 2
• Soft tissue edema may be the only visible sign before bone destruction occurs 2
• The true depth of an ulcer is often not clinically apparent, necessitating probing 1, 3

Clinical Algorithm for Physical Examination

1. Inspect all wounds for visible bone, ulcer size, location over bony prominences, and healing status 1, 2
2. Perform probe-to-bone test on every ulcer with a sterile blunt metal probe 1, 3
3. Assess for "sausage toe" appearance in diabetic patients 1, 2
4. Document wound characteristics: depth, area, duration, response to treatment 1, 2
5. Evaluate vascular status: adequate blood supply is essential for healing 4

Important Clinical Caveats

• Historical features do not strongly predict active osteomyelitis based on systematic reviews 1
• Independent risk factors include wounds extending to bone/joint, previous wound history, and recurrent/multiple wounds 1
• Exposed bone alone should not be used as an indicator of osteomyelitis in stage IV pressure injuries, as prevalence ranges only 17-58% 1
• Neuro-osteoarthropathy (Charcot foot) can mimic osteomyelitis and may coexist 1, 3
• The absence of specific clinical findings does not exclude osteomyelitis—proceed to imaging when clinical suspicion exists 1, 2