What are the clinical manifestations of Salmonella infection in a toddler?

From the Guidelines

Signs of salmonella infection in a toddler typically include diarrhea (often bloody), fever, abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting, and can be identified through clinical evaluation and laboratory testing, as recommended by the 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea 1. These symptoms usually appear 6 to 72 hours after infection and can last 4 to 7 days. Toddlers may also show signs of dehydration such as:

• Decreased urination
• Dry mouth
• Sunken eyes
• No tears when crying
• Unusual drowsiness or irritability Salmonella infections are particularly concerning in young children because they can become dehydrated quickly. If you suspect your toddler has salmonella, contact their pediatrician immediately. Treatment primarily focuses on preventing dehydration through oral rehydration solutions like Pedialyte, given in small, frequent amounts, as stated in the guidelines 1. Antibiotics are not typically prescribed for uncomplicated cases as they may prolong the carrier state, but may be necessary for severe infections or in children with weakened immune systems, as noted in the guidelines 1. While waiting for medical advice, keep your toddler hydrated, monitor their temperature, and practice strict handwashing to prevent spread to others. Salmonella is usually contracted through contaminated food or water, or contact with infected animals, so identifying the source can help prevent future infections, as recommended by the guidelines 1. It is essential to follow the guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea to ensure the best possible outcome for the toddler.

From the Research

Signs of Salmonella in a Toddler

• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Fever
• Abdominal pain 2
• Dehydration, which can be evaluated using the four-item Clinical Dehydration Scale 3

Management of Salmonella Infections

• Oral rehydration therapy is the mainstay of treatment for mild dehydration 3, 4, 5
• Antibiotic treatment is recommended for nontyphoidal Salmonella infections in infants less than 3 months of age 2
• Handwashing and adequate sanitation protocols are important measures to prevent the spread of Salmonella infections 2

Prevention of Gastroenteritis

• Good handwashing reduces the incidence of acute gastroenteritis 3, 6
• Breastfeeding and rotavirus vaccination also reduce the incidence of acute gastroenteritis in young children 3, 6