What is the guideline‑directed medical therapy for a post‑myocardial infarction patient who has developed systolic heart failure with an ejection fraction less than 40%?

Management of Post-MI Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction

All patients with post-MI systolic heart failure (LVEF <40%) must receive four foundational medication classes: ACE inhibitors (or ARB if intolerant), evidence-based beta-blockers (carvedilol, metoprolol succinate, or bisoprolol), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and SGLT2 inhibitors—this is the current standard of care that reduces both mortality and hospitalization. 1

Immediate Initiation (Within 24 Hours)

ACE Inhibitors - First Priority

• Start ACE inhibitors within the first 24 hours of presentation and continue indefinitely for all patients with LVEF <40% following MI 1, 2
• Use proven effective agents: enalapril, ramipril, captopril, lisinopril, or trandolapril 2, 3
• Target doses from clinical trials: enalapril 10 mg twice daily, ramipril 10 mg daily, or lisinopril 10 mg daily 2, 3
• This is a Class I, Level of Evidence A recommendation 1

Beta-Blockers - Equally Critical

• Initiate beta-blockers immediately and continue indefinitely—use ONLY carvedilol, metoprolol succinate, or bisoprolol, as these three agents have proven mortality reduction 1
• These specific beta-blockers reduce mortality by 20-25% in post-MI patients with reduced LVEF 4, 5
• This is a Class I, Level of Evidence A recommendation 1
• Do not substitute with other beta-blockers (atenolol, propranolol, etc.) as they lack mortality benefit in heart failure 5

Add Within First Week

Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists

• Start aldosterone blockade (spironolactone or eplerenone) in all post-MI patients with LVEF <40% who have either diabetes or heart failure symptoms, provided they are already on therapeutic doses of ACE inhibitor and beta-blocker 1
• Exclude if serum creatinine >2.5 mg/dL in men or >2.0 mg/dL in women, or potassium >5.0 mEq/L 1
• This is a Class I, Level of Evidence A recommendation 1

SGLT2 Inhibitors - New Standard

• SGLT2 inhibitors (dapagliflozin or empagliflozin) are now part of foundational GDMT for HFrEF and should be initiated regardless of diabetes status 1
• This represents a major update to heart failure management with Class I recommendation 1

Critical Monitoring and Titration

ACE Inhibitor Management

• Check blood pressure, renal function (creatinine, eGFR), and potassium 1-2 weeks after initiation or dose increase 2
• Titrate to target doses used in clinical trials over 4-6 weeks 2
• Common error: Not titrating to target doses, which loses therapeutic benefit 2

Beta-Blocker Management

• Start at low doses and uptitrate every 2 weeks as tolerated to target doses 5
• Target heart rate 55-60 bpm at rest 1
• Continue for minimum 3 years, but preferably indefinitely 1

Managing ACE Inhibitor Intolerance

When to Switch to ARB

• If persistent cough, angioedema, or allergic reactions develop, immediately switch to an ARB (valsartan, candesartan, or losartan)—this is the ONLY indication for ARB use instead of ACE inhibitor 1, 2
• ARBs are Class I, Level of Evidence A for ACE-intolerant patients with LVEF <40% 1
• Critical error to avoid: Do NOT use ARBs as first-line therapy; they are reserved exclusively for documented ACE inhibitor intolerance 2

Combination Therapy Warning

• Do NOT routinely combine ACE inhibitors with ARBs—this increases hyperkalemia and renal insufficiency risk without clear mortality benefit 1, 2
• This is a Class IIb (not well established) recommendation 1

Advanced Therapy Consideration

ARNI (Sacubitril/Valsartan)

• Consider switching from ACE inhibitor or ARB to ARNI (sacubitril/valsartan) in patients who remain symptomatic despite optimal GDMT 1, 6
• Do NOT initiate ARNI in the acute post-MI phase—wait until patient is stabilized on ACE inhibitor/ARB 2
• Requires 36-hour washout period from ACE inhibitor to avoid angioedema 6
• ARNI showed 20% reduction in cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization compared to enalapril in the PARADIGM-HF trial 6

Absolute Contraindications to Monitor

Beta-Blocker Contraindications

• Active decompensated heart failure or cardiogenic shock 5
• Advanced heart block (second or third degree) without pacemaker 5
• Severe bradycardia (heart rate <50 bpm) 1
• Active asthma exacerbation (though stable COPD is NOT a contraindication for cardioselective agents) 5

ACE Inhibitor/ARB Contraindications

• History of angioedema 2
• Bilateral renal artery stenosis 2
• Pregnancy 2
• Severe hyperkalemia (>5.5 mEq/L) 1

Additional Essential Therapies

Antiplatelet Therapy

• Continue dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin 75-100 mg plus P2Y12 inhibitor) for 12 months post-MI if PCI was performed 1
• Transition to aspirin monotherapy after 12 months 1

Statin Therapy

• Start high-intensity statin immediately and continue indefinitely with LDL-C goal <70 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L) 1
• This is a Class I, Level of Evidence A recommendation 1

Cardiac Rehabilitation

• Refer all post-MI patients to comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation prior to hospital discharge or at first follow-up visit 1
• This is a Class I, Level of Evidence A recommendation 1

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

• Not initiating ACE inhibitors due to fear of adverse effects—the mortality risk of non-treatment far exceeds the risk of adverse effects 2
• Using non-evidence-based beta-blockers (anything other than carvedilol, metoprolol succinate, or bisoprolol) 1
• Failing to uptitrate medications to target doses from clinical trials 2
• Using ARBs as first-line instead of reserving for true ACE inhibitor intolerance 2
• Withholding beta-blockers in patients with COPD—cardioselective agents are safe and beneficial 5
• Delaying MRA initiation—should be added within first week if no contraindications 1
• Forgetting SGLT2 inhibitors, which are now foundational therapy 1

Real-World Implementation Gaps

Despite clear guidelines, population-based studies show only 63.8% of eligible patients receive evidence-based beta-blockers, and only 17.6% receive MRAs in the first year after HFrEF diagnosis 7. Referral to a heart failure specialty clinic significantly improves GDMT initiation rates, with hazard ratios of 2.49 for evidence-based beta-blockers, 1.97 for ACE inhibitors/ARBs/ARNIs, and 2.14 for MRAs 7. Therefore, consider early referral to heart failure specialty care for all post-MI patients with LVEF <40% 7.