Differential Diagnosis for Joint Aches, Pain, and Swelling Following an Illness
Single Most Likely Diagnosis
- Reactive Arthritis: This condition often occurs after a bacterial infection, such as food poisoning or a respiratory infection, and can cause joint pain, swelling, and stiffness. The onset of symptoms typically follows the infection by 1-4 weeks.
Other Likely Diagnoses
- Viral Arthritis: Certain viral infections, like parvovirus B19, hepatitis B, and HIV, can cause joint pain and swelling. The symptoms usually resolve on their own but can be debilitating.
- Lyme Disease: If the illness was preceded by a tick bite, Lyme disease could be a likely cause, especially if the patient is experiencing a distinctive rash, fever, and headache in addition to joint symptoms.
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Although RA is a chronic condition, its onset can sometimes be triggered by an infection. It's characterized by symmetric joint pain, swelling, and morning stiffness.
Do Not Miss Diagnoses
- Septic Arthritis: This is a medical emergency where a joint becomes infected with bacteria, leading to severe pain, swelling, and potential destruction of the joint if not promptly treated.
- Gonococcal Arthritis: A complication of gonorrhea infection, it can cause severe joint pain, swelling, and skin lesions. Prompt antibiotic treatment is essential.
- Endocarditis: In rare cases, joint pain can be a symptom of endocarditis, an infection of the heart valves. This condition requires immediate medical attention.
Rare Diagnoses
- Whipple's Disease: A rare, systemic bacterial infection that can cause joint pain among other symptoms like diarrhea, weight loss, and neurological issues.
- Brucellosis: A zoonotic infection that can cause joint pain, fever, and swelling, typically in individuals who work with animals or consume unpasteurized dairy products.
- Relapsing Fever: Caused by certain species of Borrelia, this condition can lead to recurring episodes of fever, joint pain, and swelling, often associated with a tick bite.