From the Guidelines
Petroleum-based food dyes should be avoided due to potential health concerns, and natural alternatives should be considered instead. Petroleum-based food dyes are synthetic colorings derived from petroleum byproducts that are commonly used in processed foods, beverages, medications, and cosmetics. These artificial colorings include Red 40, Yellow 5, Yellow 6, Blue 1, and Blue 2, among others. While the FDA has approved these dyes as safe for consumption in limited quantities, some studies suggest potential health concerns, particularly for children. These dyes have been associated with hyperactivity and behavioral issues in some sensitive individuals, especially those with ADHD, as reported in a study published in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1. Some research also indicates possible links to allergic reactions, migraines, and other health problems in susceptible people.
The use of petroleum-based food dyes has been linked to various health risks, including cancer, as reported in a study published in Environment International 1. The study found that exposure to phthalates and BPA, which are commonly used in food packaging and processing, can increase the risk of cancer and other health problems. The study also highlighted the need for updating guidelines and regulations on the use of these chemicals in food production.
To minimize the risks associated with petroleum-based food dyes, it is recommended to choose natural alternatives like beet juice, turmeric, spirulina, or annatto for coloring foods. Reading ingredient labels carefully can help identify and avoid these synthetic dyes in packaged products. The food industry uses these dyes because they're inexpensive, stable, and provide consistent coloring, but the growing consumer preference for natural ingredients has led many manufacturers to develop naturally-colored alternatives.
Some key points to consider when evaluating the risks associated with petroleum-based food dyes include:
- The potential for allergic reactions and hyperactivity in sensitive individuals
- The possible links to cancer and other health problems
- The need for updating guidelines and regulations on the use of phthalates and BPA in food production
- The availability of natural alternatives for coloring foods
- The importance of reading ingredient labels carefully to avoid synthetic dyes in packaged products
Overall, while the evidence on the health effects of petroleum-based food dyes is not yet conclusive, it is recommended to err on the side of caution and choose natural alternatives whenever possible.
From the Research
Petroleum-Based Food Dye
- Petroleum-based food dyes have been a topic of concern due to their potential health risks, as they are synthesized from petroleum and have been linked to various adverse effects on human health 2.
- A study published in 2012 found that all nine currently US-approved food dyes raise health concerns of varying degrees, with some dyes causing cancer in animals and others being contaminated with carcinogens 2.
- The study also found that at least four dyes (Blue 1, Red 40, Yellow 5, and Yellow 6) cause hypersensitivity reactions, and numerous microbiological and rodent studies of Yellow 5 were positive for genotoxicity 2.
Health Concerns
- The use of petroleum-based food dyes has been linked to various health concerns, including cancer, hypersensitivity reactions, and genotoxicity 2.
- A more recent study published in 2024 found that the toxicity of synthetic food colors is still a concern, and new evaluations are being published by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) 3.
- However, the study also found that the current ADI limits set by the authorities are mostly in agreement, and they seem safe, but new evidence will soon be required 3.
Allergic Reactions
- Petroleum-based food dyes can also cause allergic reactions, and antihistamines are commonly used to treat these reactions 4, 5.
- A study published in 2007 found that newer antihistamines are potentially safer and cause less sedation than first-generation antihistamines, but may be less efficacious 5.
- Another study published in 2025 found that anaphylactic shock is a severe, potentially life-threatening systemic allergic reaction that can be triggered by food, medication, or insect stings, and that adrenaline is the cornerstone of treatment 6.