In a 61‑year‑old man with controlled hypertension, ischemic heart disease, a remote 5‑pack‑year smoking history (quit >15 years ago), dyspnea on minimal exertion and BMI 31 kg/m², which factor poses the highest risk to his condition: hypertension combined with obesity, smoking, or age‑related decline in physical activity?

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In a 61‑year‑old man with HTN (hypertension), IHD (ischemic heart disease), former smoker, and BMI (body mass index) 31 kg/m² presenting with exertional dyspnea and limited walking, which factor poses the greatest risk to his condition: HTN and obesity, smoking history, or age‑related activity limitation?

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