How should an outpatient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease be managed, including confirmation with post‑bronchodilator spirometry, symptom assessment, GOLD group classification, smoking cessation, vaccinations, pulmonary rehabilitation, inhaler technique education, pharmacologic therapy per GOLD group, exacerbation action plan, oxygen therapy criteria, and follow‑up?

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Last updated: February 18, 2026 • View editorial policy

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