What multivitamin regimen should be recommended for a patient with liver cirrhosis, including appropriate doses and any necessary exclusions?

Multivitamin Supplementation in Liver Cirrhosis

All patients with liver cirrhosis who display evidence of frailty, sarcopenia, or decompensation should receive empiric oral multivitamin supplementation at standard doses (approximately 100% of the Daily Value), as vitamin deficiencies are common and supplementation is inexpensive with essentially no side effects. 1

Core Supplementation Strategy

Standard Multivitamin Approach

• Prescribe a manganese-free oral multivitamin providing approximately 100% of the Daily Value for all cirrhotic patients with frailty, sarcopenia, or decompensated disease. 1, 2
• This pragmatic approach is justified because vitamin status is difficult to assess clinically, supplementation is inexpensive, and side effects are minimal. 1, 3
• Routine biochemical screening for micronutrient deficiencies is recommended in patients with advanced disease, cholestasis, or acute illness. 1

Critical Exclusions and Warnings

• Avoid supplements containing manganese, as cirrhotic patients accumulate total body manganese that can deposit in the basal ganglia and cause neurotoxicity. 2, 3
• Explicitly avoid high-dose beta-carotene supplementation (>100% Daily Value), particularly in patients who smoke or consume alcohol, as this significantly increases lung cancer incidence and colorectal adenoma recurrence. 2
• High-dose single-nutrient supplements exceeding 100% of the Daily Value should not be used unless a specific biochemical deficiency has been documented. 2

Specific Vitamin Requirements

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin A:

• Fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies, especially vitamin A, are common in cirrhosis; the majority of liver transplant candidates exhibit vitamin A deficiency. 1, 2, 4
• When deficiency is confirmed, correct with retinol (pre-formed vitamin A) rather than high-dose beta-carotene. 2
• Dosing: 10,000–50,000 units daily, adjusted based on serum retinol levels. 1
• Monitor serum retinol annually, though levels may fall during acute inflammation. 2

Vitamin D:

• Vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D <20 ng/mL) occurs in 64–92% of cirrhotic patients and correlates inversely with disease severity. 1, 5
• Assess plasma 25(OH)D levels in all patients with chronic liver disease, particularly those with advanced disease, cholestatic disorders, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. 1
• Supplement all patients with vitamin D levels below 20 ng/mL with oral vitamin D until reaching serum levels above 30 ng/mL. 1
• Starting dose: 800–1600 IU daily (cholecalciferol/D3), with higher doses potentially needed in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. 1
• Vitamin D supplementation improves survival rates and duration in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. 6

Vitamin E:

• Vitamin E deficiency occurs in 37% of cirrhotic patients being assessed for transplantation. 4
• Dosing: 30 IU daily. 1
• Low albumin is a predictor of vitamin E deficiency. 4

Vitamin K:

• Vitamin K deficiency should always be considered in jaundiced or cholestatic patients. 1
• Parenteral supplementation may be needed in cholestatic liver disease. 1
• Dosing: 10 mg weekly (vitamin K1/phytomenadione). 1

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Thiamine (Vitamin B1):

• Thiamine deficiency is particularly common in both alcoholic and non-alcoholic cirrhosis, with many patients showing evidence of Wernicke's encephalopathy at autopsy even without clinical signs during life. 1
• If Wernicke's encephalopathy is suspected, administer generous parenteral thiamine supplementation immediately. 1
• In alcoholic liver disease, administer vitamin B1 prior to starting glucose infusion to reduce the risk of Wernicke's encephalopathy. 1

Vitamin B12:

• Vitamin B12 deficiency may develop rapidly in chronic liver disease due to diminished hepatic storage. 1, 3, 7
• Dosing: 300 mcg subcutaneously monthly for patients with terminal ileal resections or disease. 1
• Oral multivitamin supplementation containing B12 is justified in decompensated patients. 3, 7

Folic Acid:

• Women planning pregnancy or in the first trimester: 400 mcg/day. 1

Vitamin C:

• Dosing: 200–500 mg daily. 1
• Supplement only when nutritional intake is insufficient. 1

Trace Elements

Zinc:

• Zinc deficiency is prevalent in 84% of cirrhotic patients being assessed for transplantation. 4
• Dosing: 220–440 mg daily (sulfate form). 1
• Low albumin, younger age, and higher MELD-Na scores predict zinc deficiency. 4

Selenium:

• Dosing: 60–100 mcg daily. 1

Monitoring Strategy

• Monitor vitamin levels annually and 3–6 months after dosage changes. 1
• Repeat blood glucose determinations to avoid parenteral nutrition-related hyperglycemia. 1
• Monitor phosphate, potassium, and magnesium levels when refeeding malnourished patients to avoid refeeding syndrome. 1
• Low albumin is a recurrent predictor of fat-soluble vitamin (A, D, E) and zinc deficiency. 4

Special Populations

Patients with Cholestatic Liver Disease:

• Fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies are most likely in jaundiced patients with long-standing, severe cholestasis. 8
• Cholestatic liver enzyme elevation predicts vitamin D deficiency. 4
• Water-soluble vitamin E preparations may be needed in cholestasis. 1

Alcoholic Liver Disease:

• Prioritize thiamine supplementation before glucose administration. 1
• Avoid high-dose beta-carotene due to increased cancer risk. 2

Patients on Parenteral Nutrition:

• Water-soluble vitamins and trace elements should be given daily from the first day of parenteral nutrition. 1