From the FDA Drug Label
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From the Research
Causes of Monocular Diplopia
- Monocular diplopia is generally explained by intraocular pathology, such as refractive errors, ocular media abnormalities, and dry eyes, causing the image of a single object to fall on the fovea and on the extra-foveal retina of the same eye 1
- Causes of monocular diplopia include cataract, refractive error, and retinal disease, which can be managed accordingly by an ophthalmologist 2
- Higher-order aberrations, such as spherical aberration and secondary astigmatism, can also cause monocular diplopia, as seen in a patient with a mild cortical cataract 3
- Ocular aberrations and hyperopic defocus can also lead to monocular diplopia, as demonstrated by a model that ascribes monocular diplopia to an interaction between defocus and ocular spherical aberration 4
- In patients with epiretinal membranes, monocular diplopia can be caused by optical/refractive error, although this is a less common cause compared to retinal misregistration and strabismus 5
Intraocular Pathology
- Refractive errors, such as hyperopia, can contribute to monocular diplopia by causing an interaction between defocus and ocular spherical aberration 4
- Ocular media abnormalities, such as cataracts, can also cause monocular diplopia by introducing higher-order aberrations, such as spherical aberration and secondary astigmatism 3
- Retinal disease, such as epiretinal membranes, can lead to monocular diplopia, although the exact cause may be multifactorial and include retinal misregistration, strabismus, and optical/refractive error 5
Neurological Causes
- Idiopathic intracranial hypertension can present with monocular diplopia, highlighting the importance of careful ophthalmic and neuro-ophthalmic examination in diagnosing and treating this condition 1
- Cortical dysfunction can also lead to monocular diplopia, as seen in cerebral polyopia, which describes the perception of multiple images and arises from an occipital disturbance 2