What is the appropriate dosing and titration protocol for an intravenous diltiazem (Cardizem) drip to achieve rate control in an adult patient with atrial fibrillation and rapid ventricular response who has no contraindications to calcium‑channel blockers?

Diltiazem Drip Protocol for Atrial Fibrillation with Rapid Ventricular Response

Administer an initial IV bolus of diltiazem 0.25 mg/kg (approximately 15–20 mg for an average adult) over 2 minutes, followed by a continuous infusion starting at 5–10 mg/hour, titrating up to 15 mg/hour as needed to achieve a heart rate below 100–110 bpm. 1, 2

Initial Bolus Dosing

• Give 0.25 mg/kg actual body weight (typically 15–20 mg) as a slow IV push over 2 minutes. 1, 2
• If the heart rate remains above 100–110 bpm after 15 minutes and the patient tolerated the first dose without hypotension, administer a second bolus of 0.35 mg/kg (approximately 20–25 mg) over 2 minutes. 1, 2
• Maximal heart-rate reduction occurs within 2–7 minutes after bolus administration, with a median onset of 4.3 minutes. 1, 3
• The overall response rate (defined as >20% heart-rate reduction, conversion to sinus rhythm, or heart rate <100 bpm) is 93–94% after bolus dosing. 1, 3

Continuous Infusion Protocol

• Immediately after bolus administration and initial rate reduction, start a continuous infusion at 10 mg/hour. 2
• Some patients maintain adequate control at 5 mg/hour; this lower rate may be appropriate for elderly patients or those at risk of hypotension. 1, 2
• If rate control remains inadequate, titrate upward in 5 mg/hour increments (from 5 → 10 → 15 mg/hour) every 1–2 hours based on heart-rate response. 1, 2
• The maximum recommended infusion rate is 15 mg/hour, and infusions should not exceed 24 hours due to dose-dependent, non-linear pharmacokinetics. 2
• Target heart rate is <100 bpm (lenient control) or <80 bpm (strict control) at rest. 4, 1

Transition to Oral Therapy

• Once stable rate control is achieved on the infusion, transition to oral immediate-release diltiazem 30 mg, then maintain with 30–60 mg every 6–8 hours, titrating according to response. 1
• Oral immediate-release diltiazem may be as effective as continuous IV infusion after the initial loading dose, with a lower treatment-failure rate at 4 hours in one study. 5

Absolute Contraindications (Must Exclude Before Administration)

• Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) or decompensated heart failure: Diltiazem's negative inotropic effect can precipitate hemodynamic collapse. 4, 1, 6
• Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome or other pre-excitation syndromes: Diltiazem may accelerate ventricular response via the accessory pathway and precipitate ventricular fibrillation. 4, 1
• Wide-complex tachycardia or suspected ventricular tachycardia: Diltiazem is contraindicated when the rhythm suggests ventricular origin. 1
• Systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg: Hemodynamic instability precludes diltiazem use; immediate electrical cardioversion is required instead. 1, 3
• High-grade AV block (second- or third-degree block without a pacemaker) or sinus node dysfunction without a pacemaker. 1

Monitoring Requirements

• Continuously monitor heart rate and blood pressure during bolus and infusion; reassess every 15 minutes initially, then hourly once stable. 1
• Watch for hypotension (systolic BP <90 mmHg or symptomatic drops): hypotension occurs in 18–42% of patients, with 3.2% requiring intervention. 1, 7
• Monitor for excessive bradycardia (<50 bpm or symptomatic): elderly patients and those with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation have increased risk. 1
• If bradycardia or hypotension develops, reduce the infusion rate or discontinue diltiazem. 1
• Auscultate for signs of worsening heart failure (new pulmonary rales, peripheral edema), as diltiazem's negative inotropic effect can precipitate decompensation. 1

Dosing Considerations by Weight and Age

• Low body weight patients should be dosed strictly on a mg/kg basis rather than using fixed doses. 2
• Some patients may respond to an initial dose of 0.15 mg/kg, although duration of action may be shorter and experience with this dose is limited. 2
• Lower doses (<0.2 mg/kg) may be as effective as standard doses (0.2–0.3 mg/kg) while significantly reducing hypotension risk (18% vs. 35%, adjusted OR 0.39). 7
• Weight-based dosing (0.25 mg/kg) achieves rate control in 55% of patients by 30 minutes, compared to only 27% with low doses (<0.1875 mg/kg). 8

Alternative Agent: When to Use Beta-Blockers Instead

• Beta-blockers (metoprolol or esmolol) are preferred over diltiazem in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, as they provide mortality benefit. 4, 6
• For HFrEF patients, use the smallest dose of beta-blocker to achieve rate control; amiodarone is an option in hemodynamic instability or severely reduced LVEF. 4
• Esmolol (loading dose 500 mcg/kg over 1 minute, then 50–300 mcg/kg/min infusion) is favored for its rapid onset and short half-life, allowing immediate reversibility. 1
• Metoprolol (2.5–5 mg IV bolus over 2 minutes, repeated every 5 minutes up to 15 mg total) is equally appropriate for patients with preserved ejection fraction. 1

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

• Do not use diltiazem in patients with systolic heart failure or decompensated heart failure, even if they are hemodynamically stable at presentation; beta-blockers or digoxin are safer alternatives. 4, 1, 6
• Do not administer diltiazem in pre-excited atrial fibrillation (wide QRS with delta waves); this can be fatal. 4, 1
• Do not exceed 15 mg/hour infusion rate or continue beyond 24 hours, as safety and efficacy data are lacking for higher doses or longer durations. 2
• Do not give the full 25 mg second bolus if the patient developed hypotension after the first bolus; reassess hemodynamics before each dose. 1, 2
• Do not rely on diltiazem alone in patients with multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT) associated with severe pulmonary disease; treat the underlying hypoxemia and acidosis first. 4