I experienced scalp piloerection as an aura before a loss of consciousness—could this be focal epilepsy and what evaluation and treatment are recommended?

Scalp Piloerection (Goosebumps) as a Seizure Manifestation

Your experience of scalp piloerection (goosebumps on the head) followed by loss of consciousness strongly suggests focal epilepsy with secondary generalization, and you require urgent neurological evaluation with EEG and brain MRI to localize the epileptogenic zone and initiate appropriate antiseizure medication. 1

Understanding Your Symptom Pattern

Scalp piloerection represents an autonomic aura—a warning sign originating from focal brain activity before consciousness is lost. 1 This specific sequence is diagnostically significant:

• Rising sensations or autonomic phenomena (like piloerection) that recur stereotypically across multiple episodes are characteristic of epileptic auras, distinguishing them from other causes of transient loss of consciousness 1
• The progression from a focal symptom (scalp goosebumps) to loss of consciousness indicates focal-onset seizure with impaired awareness or evolution to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure 2, 3
• Autonomic symptoms at seizure onset (including piloerection, nausea, sweating) can occur in focal epilepsy, though they are more commonly associated with reflex syncope when occurring in isolation 1

Critical Diagnostic Evaluation Required

You need comprehensive epilepsy workup immediately:

Neurophysiological Testing

• Video-EEG monitoring is essential to capture ictal (during seizure) and interictal (between seizures) abnormalities that will confirm focal epilepsy and help localize the seizure focus 1, 2
• Standard EEG may be normal between seizures in focal epilepsy, so extended monitoring or sleep-deprived EEG may be necessary 1, 4

Neuroimaging

• High-resolution brain MRI with epilepsy protocol is mandatory to identify structural causes such as focal cortical dysplasia, hippocampal sclerosis, tumors, vascular malformations, or prior injury 1, 2
• MRI is superior to CT for detecting epileptogenic lesions 1
• Even if MRI appears normal initially, functional imaging (FDG-PET or ictal SPECT) may be needed if seizures prove drug-resistant 1

Treatment Approach

First-Line Antiseizure Medications

For focal-onset seizures, you should be started on one of the following first-line agents: 4, 2

• Levetiracetam is often preferred as initial monotherapy due to favorable tolerability profile, lack of drug interactions, and efficacy in focal epilepsy 5, 6
• Lamotrigine is another excellent first-line option, particularly if there are concerns about behavioral side effects 4, 6
• Carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine are traditional first-line agents with proven efficacy, though they have more drug interactions 4

Important Safety Considerations

All antiseizure medications carry a warning about increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior, with risk emerging as early as one week after starting treatment and persisting throughout therapy. 5 You and your family should be informed to monitor for depression, mood changes, or suicidal ideation and report immediately. 5

If First Medication Fails

If seizures continue despite adequate trial of the first medication at therapeutic doses: 6

• Add a second antiseizure medication with a different mechanism of action rather than switching immediately 6
• Favorable combinations include: levetiracetam with sodium channel blockers (lacosamide or lamotrigine), or lamotrigine with valproate 6
• Avoid combining multiple sodium channel blockers (e.g., carbamazepine with lamotrigine) due to increased toxicity without added benefit 6

Drug-Resistant Epilepsy

If you fail two appropriately chosen antiseizure medications, you meet criteria for drug-resistant epilepsy and should be promptly referred to a comprehensive epilepsy center for presurgical evaluation. 1, 2 Approximately 30% of focal epilepsy patients become drug-resistant, but epilepsy surgery offers about 65% chance of seizure freedom when the epileptogenic zone can be safely resected. 1

Key Distinguishing Features Supporting Epilepsy Diagnosis

Your presentation differs from syncope (fainting) in critical ways: 1, 7

• Stereotyped aura (recurring goosebumps) before loss of consciousness strongly favors epilepsy over syncope 1
• Syncope typically presents with visual changes (darkening vision, tunnel vision), auditory changes (distant sounds), or autonomic symptoms (nausea, pallor, sweating) but not focal piloerection 1
• If loss of consciousness lasted >1 minute, epileptic seizure is far more likely than syncope (syncope typically <30 seconds) 1
• Absence of typical syncope triggers (standing, pain, fear, heat) further supports epilepsy 1

Immediate Actions

Do not delay seeking neurological care. Until evaluated and treated:

• Avoid driving or operating dangerous machinery 2
• Avoid heights, swimming alone, or situations where loss of consciousness could cause injury 2
• Document any future episodes in detail, including duration, triggers, and witness observations 2