What causes low morning cortisol, low dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and hypotension when primary adrenal insufficiency has been excluded?

Medical Advisory BoardAll articles are reviewed for accuracy by our Medical Advisory Board
Educational purpose only • Exercise caution as content is pending human review
Article Review Status
Submitted
Under Review
Approved

Last updated: February 24, 2026View editorial policy

Personalize

Help us tailor your experience

Which best describes you? Your choice helps us use language that's most understandable for you.

排除原发性肾上腺功能不全后低晨皮质醇、低DHEA和低血压的病因

最可能的诊断:继发性肾上腺功能不全或药物诱导的肾上腺功能不全

如果您已经排除了原发性肾上腺功能不全(即ACTH不高),那么低晨皮质醇、低DHEA-S和低血压最可能由继发性肾上腺功能不全(垂体或下丘脑疾病)或药物诱导的下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴抑制引起。 1, 2


继发性肾上腺功能不全的常见病因

垂体或下丘脑疾病

  • 垂体肿瘤、垂体出血、炎症或浸润性疾病(如垂体炎、结节病、血色素沉着症)、垂体手术或放疗均可导致ACTH缺乏,表现为低皮质醇伴低或不适当正常的ACTH 1, 2
  • 免疫检查点抑制剂治疗常引起垂体炎,导致继发性肾上腺功能不全 1, 3
  • 如果存在多种内分泌异常、新发严重头痛或视力改变,应考虑进行垂体MRI检查 3

药物诱导的肾上腺功能不全

  • 糖皮质激素抑制:任何患者服用≥20 mg/天泼尼松或等效剂量至少3周,可发生下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴抑制,表现为低ACTH和可变的皮质醇水平 4, 3, 2
  • 吸入性糖皮质激素(特别是氟替卡松)和外用类固醇也可抑制下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴并干扰检测 1, 4, 3
  • 阿片类药物可抑制促肾上腺皮质激素的产生,导致继发性肾上腺功能不全 2
  • 地塞米松抑制ACTH但不与皮质醇检测交叉反应,可能产生这种模式 3

诊断方法

初步实验室检查

  • 重复测量晨间(上午8点)配对的ACTH和皮质醇以验证模式:继发性肾上腺功能不全的典型表现为晨间皮质醇140-275 nmol/L(5-10 μg/dL)伴低或不适当正常的ACTH 1, 4, 3
  • 基础代谢组合:低钠血症见于90%的肾上腺功能不全病例,但在继发性肾上腺功能不全中可能不存在 4, 3
  • 详细的用药史,包括口服、吸入、外用和注射的糖皮质激素 3
  • DHEA-S水平低支持肾上腺功能不全的诊断,因为DHEA-S在原发性和继发性肾上腺功能不全中均降低 2, 5

确诊性检查

  • 如果晨间皮质醇结果不确定(约5-18 μg/dL)或临床怀疑度高,应进行促肾上腺皮质激素刺激试验 4, 3
  • 方案:静脉或肌肉注射0.25 mg(250 μg)促肾上腺皮质激素,然后在基线和30分钟(可选60分钟)时测量血清皮质醇 1, 4
  • 解释:30或60分钟时峰值皮质醇<500 nmol/L(<18 μg/dL)确诊肾上腺功能不全;峰值>550 nmol/L(>18-20 μg/dL)排除该疾病 1, 4

评估其他垂体轴

  • 测量TSH、游离T4、LH、FSH、睾酮/雌二醇、催乳素,以评估是否存在多种垂体激素缺乏 1, 3
  • 如果存在多种激素缺乏或新发严重头痛/视力改变,应进行垂体MRI检查 1, 3

关键临床陷阱

不要仅依赖电解质异常

  • 低钠血症在继发性肾上腺功能不全中可能轻微或不存在 4, 3
  • 高钾血症仅见于约50%的原发性肾上腺功能不全病例,因此其缺失不能排除诊断 1, 4

药物干扰检测

  • 正在服用糖皮质激素的患者的晨间皮质醇测量不具诊断意义,因为检测会测量内源性皮质醇和治疗性类固醇 4
  • 在糖皮质激素停用并有足够清除时间之前,不应尝试进行诊断性检测 4
  • 氢化可的松必须停用24小时,而其他类固醇(包括泼尼松)需要更长的清除期 4

紧急情况处理

  • 如果治疗疑似肾上腺危象,切勿延迟治疗以进行诊断性检测——立即给予100 mg静脉注射氢化可的松 1, 4, 3
  • 当同时启动糖皮质激素和甲状腺激素替代治疗时,务必在甲状腺激素之前数天开始使用糖皮质激素,以防止诱发肾上腺危象 1, 4, 3

治疗意义

轻度症状

  • 开始使用氢化可的松10-20 mg早晨和5-10 mg下午早期进行替代治疗 1, 3
  • 继发性肾上腺功能不全不需要盐皮质激素替代(氟氢可的松),因为肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统保持完整 1, 4

患者教育

  • 提供关于应激剂量的教育(疾病期间加倍/三倍剂量)和医疗警报识别 4, 3
  • 所有肾上腺功能不全患者应佩戴医疗警报手镯或项链,以便急救人员触发应激剂量糖皮质激素 4
  • 处方氢化可的松100 mg肌肉注射急救包并进行自我注射培训 4

长期管理

  • 安排内分泌科会诊以优化和长期管理 3
  • 如果确诊肾上腺功能不全,需要终身糖皮质激素替代治疗 4

特殊考虑

早期或部分继发性肾上腺功能不全

  • 低ACTH伴正常皮质醇最常见于早期/部分继发性肾上腺功能不全,基础皮质醇产生保持但储备减少 3
  • 约10%的原发性肾上腺功能不全患者在明显升高的促肾上腺皮质激素存在下可能表现为正常皮质醇浓度,这表明疾病的早期表现 6

药物相互作用

  • CYP3A4诱导剂(如抗惊厥药、利福平、巴比妥类)增加皮质醇清除率,可能需要更高的替代剂量 4
  • CYP3A4抑制剂(如葡萄柚汁、甘草)降低皮质醇清除率,可能需要减少剂量 4

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Guideline

Differential Diagnosis of Low ACTH with Normal Cortisol

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Guideline

Diagnosing Adrenal Insufficiency in Hypo-osmolar Hyponatremia

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2026

Research

On Primary Adrenal Insufficiency with Normal Concentrations of Cortisol - Early Manifestation of Addison's Disease.

Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme, 2024

Related Questions

What is the recommended treatment approach for primary adrenal insufficiency?
What cortisol level indicates adrenal insufficiency?
What is the appropriate management for a patient with suspected adrenal insufficiency, given laboratory results including low morning cortisol, low salivary cortisol, elevated dexamethasone level after suppression, and a random morning cortisol within the normal range?
What is the recommended treatment for a patient with a low cortisol level of 1.06, indicating adrenal insufficiency?
In a 6‑month postpartum woman with generalized weakness, low mood and borderline hypotension, does a morning serum cortisol of 6 µg/dL require further evaluation for adrenal insufficiency?
What is the recommended evaluation and management for a prepubertal girl under eight years old presenting with vulvar erythema, edema, discharge, and itching or burning?
What is the recommended treatment for bacterial vaginosis in a pregnant woman during the first trimester?
What is the step‑by‑step evaluation of fever in a patient, including key considerations?
How can I determine from laboratory results whether a bacterial isolate is an extended‑spectrum β‑lactamase (ESBL) producer?
What proportion of infant temperament is genetically determined, and which parental behaviors can enhance a baby’s adaptability, calmness, and overall contentment?
What oral antibiotic is appropriate for a 4‑year‑old with an uncomplicated urinary tract infection who is allergic to amoxicillin?

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

Have a follow-up question?

Our Medical A.I. is used by practicing medical doctors at top research institutions around the world. Ask any follow up question and get world-class guideline-backed answers instantly.