Should systemic corticosteroids be used as first‑line therapy for an acute asthma exacerbation in a patient with COVID‑19 infection?

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Last updated: February 25, 2026View editorial policy

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Systemic Corticosteroids for Asthma Exacerbation with COVID-19

Yes, systemic corticosteroids are recommended for asthma exacerbations in patients with COVID-19, but only if the patient requires supplemental oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, or mechanical ventilation. 1

Critical Decision Algorithm

Step 1: Assess Oxygen Requirements

If patient requires oxygen support (supplemental oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, or mechanical ventilation):

  • Strongly recommend dexamethasone 6 mg once daily for up to 10 days 1, 2
  • This single dose addresses both the COVID-19 inflammatory response and the asthma exacerbation simultaneously 2
  • The European Respiratory Society provides a strong recommendation (moderate-quality evidence) for corticosteroids in COVID-19 patients requiring oxygen 1

If patient does NOT require supplemental oxygen:

  • Strongly recommend AGAINST systemic corticosteroids 1
  • The European Respiratory Society explicitly states corticosteroids should NOT be offered to hospitalized COVID-19 patients not requiring oxygen (strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence) 1
  • Evidence suggests worse outcomes when systemic corticosteroids are used in COVID-19 patients with asthma who do not require oxygen 3

Evidence-Based Rationale

Mortality Benefit in Oxygen-Requiring Patients

  • Dexamethasone 6 mg daily reduces mortality by 35% in patients on mechanical ventilation and 20% in those requiring supplemental oxygen 2
  • The American Thoracic Society found that corticosteroids probably decrease mortality in ARDS (RR 0.84,95% CI 0.73-0.96, moderate certainty) 1
  • Multiple large trials including RECOVERY demonstrated consistent mortality reduction in oxygen-requiring COVID-19 patients 1, 2

Unique Considerations for Asthma

  • Type 2 inflammation in asthma directly inhibits antiviral immunity 4
  • Corticosteroids may restore impaired antiviral immunity in asthma patients through suppression of type 2 inflammation, making them potentially beneficial even in viral infections 4
  • Asthma itself does not appear to be an independent risk factor for severe COVID-19 5, 6

Specific Implementation Details

Preferred Regimen

  • Dexamethasone 6 mg once daily (oral or intravenous) for up to 10 days 1, 2
  • This is the only corticosteroid with proven mortality benefit in COVID-19 2
  • If dexamethasone is unavailable, methylprednisolone 32 mg daily can be substituted, though evidence is less robust 2

Duration and Monitoring

  • Continue for up to 10 days or until hospital discharge, whichever comes first 1, 2
  • Monitor daily oxygen saturation and respiratory status 2
  • Watch for signs of secondary bacterial infection requiring empiric antibiotics 2
  • Provide prophylactic anticoagulation due to high thrombotic risk in critically ill COVID-19 patients 2

Critical Pitfalls to Avoid

Do Not Use Corticosteroids Without Oxygen Requirement

  • The RECOVERY trial showed no benefit and potential harm in patients not requiring oxygen 2, 7
  • Using systemic corticosteroids in COVID-19 patients with asthma who do not require oxygen is associated with worse outcomes 3

Safety Monitoring

  • Corticosteroids probably increase risk of serious hyperglycemia (RR 1.11,95% CI 1.01-1.23) 1
  • May increase risk of gastrointestinal bleeding 1
  • Monitor for secondary infections 2

Inhaled Corticosteroids Are Different

  • Continue maintenance inhaled corticosteroids for asthma control—they are safe and should not be discontinued 5, 6
  • Inhaled corticosteroids may even confer some protection against severe COVID-19 by reducing ACE-2 expression 5
  • The question specifically addresses systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbation, not maintenance inhaled therapy 8

Summary Algorithm

  1. Check oxygen saturation on room air 2, 7
  2. If SpO2 <94% or requiring any oxygen support: Start dexamethasone 6 mg daily 1, 2
  3. If SpO2 ≥94% on room air with minimal symptoms: Do NOT use systemic corticosteroids 1, 3
  4. Continue maintenance inhaled corticosteroids regardless 5, 6
  5. Monitor for hyperglycemia, secondary infection, and thrombosis 1, 2

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Guideline

Optimal Steroid Choice for COVID-19 with Concomitant End-Stage COPD Exacerbation

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2026

Research

COVID-19 Infections and Asthma.

The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice, 2022

Research

Treatment of COVID-19-exacerbated asthma: should systemic corticosteroids be used?

American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology, 2020

Research

Asthma and COVID-19: an update.

European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society, 2021

Guideline

Steroid Use in Viral Infections

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Research

Inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID-19.

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2022

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Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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