What are the indications, recommended dosing, adverse effects, and drug interactions of quercetin supplementation in adults?

Quercetin: Clinical Applications and Safety Profile

Quercetin is a plant-derived flavonoid supplement with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that should be discontinued 2 weeks before surgery due to potential drug interactions and anti-inflammatory effects, but lacks strong evidence for routine therapeutic use in healthy adults. 1

What Quercetin Does

Quercetin is a polyphenolic flavonoid found naturally in fruits, vegetables, tea, and wine that functions primarily as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound. 2, 3 The compound works through multiple mechanisms:

• Antioxidant activity: Scavenges reactive oxygen species and free radicals by forming resonance-stabilized phenoxyl radicals 2, 4
• Anti-inflammatory effects: Reduces inflammatory markers and modulates immune responses 1, 5
• Gut microbiome modulation: In animal models, quercetin supplementation reversed diet-induced liver steatosis, normalized intestinal barrier function, and reduced endotoxemia by modifying gut bacteria composition 1

Food Sources and Absorption

Quercetin occurs naturally in:

• Onions, apples, berries, cauliflower, cabbage, nuts, and tea 3, 5
• Most dietary quercetin exists as glycosides (with attached sugars), which are converted to the active aglycone form during digestion 3, 4

Absorption characteristics: The compound is metabolized by the small intestine, liver, kidneys, and large intestine into glucuronidated, methylated, and sulfated forms, with accumulation primarily in lungs, liver, kidneys, and small intestines 5, 4

Clinical Indications (Limited Evidence)

While quercetin has been studied for various conditions, strong clinical evidence supporting its therapeutic use in humans is lacking:

• Metabolic conditions: Animal studies show benefits for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through gut microbiome modification, but human data are insufficient 1
• Cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases: Proposed benefits exist, but require further clinical validation 3, 6
• Oral health: Quercetin is a component of calendula extracts used in dental applications, though its specific contribution is unclear 1

Dosing Considerations

No established Recommended Dietary Allowance exists for quercetin. 1 When supplementation is considered:

• Typical supplement doses range from low to moderate amounts, though specific therapeutic dosing remains undefined 1
• Take with fat-containing meals to enhance absorption of this lipid-soluble compound (similar principle to CoQ10) 7

Adverse Effects and Safety

Quercetin demonstrates a generally favorable safety profile:

• Common side effects: Mild gastrointestinal symptoms may occur 1
• Specific concerns: Should be avoided in patients with estrogen-dependent cancers, kidney dysfunction, or those taking cyclosporine, pravastatin, or fexofenadine 1
• Anti-inflammatory properties: May show anti-inflammatory effects in animal models, which could theoretically interfere with healing 1

Critical Drug Interactions and Perioperative Management

The most important clinical consideration is perioperative management:

• Hold quercetin for 2 weeks before elective surgery due to anti-inflammatory effects and potential drug interactions 1
• Cyclosporine interaction: Quercetin may interfere with immunosuppressant medications 1
• Statin interaction: Specifically affects pravastatin metabolism 1
• Fexofenadine interaction: May alter antihistamine effectiveness 1

Clinical Decision Algorithm

For patients currently taking quercetin:

1. Assess indication: Determine why the patient is taking quercetin—most uses lack strong evidence 1, 3
2. Evaluate medication list: Screen for cyclosporine, pravastatin, fexofenadine, or other interacting drugs 1
3. Surgical planning: If elective surgery is scheduled within 2 weeks, discontinue quercetin 1
4. Special populations: Avoid in estrogen-dependent cancers and kidney dysfunction 1

For patients considering quercetin:

1. Explain that human clinical evidence is limited despite promising animal studies 1, 3
2. Emphasize that dietary sources (onions, apples, berries) provide quercetin without supplement risks 3, 5
3. If supplementation proceeds despite limited evidence, ensure no contraindicated medications or conditions exist 1

Common Pitfalls

• Assuming efficacy based on animal data: Most quercetin benefits are demonstrated only in rodent models of disease; human trials show controversial or insufficient results 1
• Overlooking perioperative risk: The 2-week discontinuation period before surgery is frequently missed 1
• Ignoring drug interactions: Patients on immunosuppressants or specific statins require particular caution 1
• Cancer patient use: While 31-68% of cancer patients use supplements without physician knowledge, quercetin may interact with chemotherapy and should be discussed 1