What is the recommended treatment approach for diabetic retinopathy, including systemic control and stage‑specific ocular therapies?

Treatment for Diabetic Retinopathy

The treatment of diabetic retinopathy requires strict systemic control (HbA1c <7%, blood pressure <130/80 mmHg, lipid optimization with fenofibrate) combined with stage-specific ocular interventions: anti-VEGF injections for center-involved diabetic macular edema with vision loss, and panretinal photocoagulation or anti-VEGF therapy for proliferative disease. 1, 2

Systemic Management (Foundation for All Stages)

All patients with diabetic retinopathy require aggressive systemic risk factor modification, which forms the cornerstone of preventing progression:

• Maintain HbA1c <7.0% through intensive glycemic control to reduce onset and slow progression of retinopathy 1, 2
• Target blood pressure <130/80 mmHg using ACE inhibitors or ARBs, which decrease retinopathy progression 1, 2
• Optimize lipid control and consider adding fenofibrate, particularly in patients with very mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, as this slows progression 1, 2, 3

Critical pitfall to avoid: Rapid implementation of intensive glycemic control in patients with existing retinopathy can cause early worsening; implement changes gradually 2

Stage-Specific Ocular Treatment

Mild to Moderate Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR)

• No ocular intervention required—focus exclusively on systemic control 1, 3
• Monitor every 6-12 months for mild NPDR, every 3-6 months for moderate NPDR 1

Severe Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

• Consider early panretinal photocoagulation in high-risk patients with poor compliance, impending cataract surgery, pregnancy, or advanced disease in the fellow eye 1, 3
• Otherwise, monitor closely every 3 months with prompt treatment if progression occurs 1

Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR)

Two equally effective first-line options exist:

• Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) remains the mainstay treatment, reducing severe vision loss from 15.9% to 6.4%, with greatest benefit in eyes with disc neovascularization or vitreous hemorrhage 1, 2
• Anti-VEGF injections (ranibizumab, aflibercept, bevacizumab) are safe and effective alternatives through at least 2 years of treatment 1, 4

Choose anti-VEGF over PRP when:

• Patient can adhere to intensive follow-up (monthly visits initially) 4
• Better visual outcomes are desired 4

Choose PRP over anti-VEGF when:

• Patient compliance with frequent injections is uncertain 1
• Long-term follow-up is not feasible 1

Diabetic Macular Edema (DME)

For center-involved DME with vision loss (20/30 or worse):

• Intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy is first-line treatment, superior to laser monotherapy 1, 2
• Aflibercept 2 mg provides best 1-year visual outcomes, especially with baseline vision 20/50 or worse 1
• Ranibizumab 0.3-0.5 mg achieves similar results to aflibercept by 2 years 1
• Bevacizumab 1.25 mg provides similar outcomes in mild visual impairment (20/32-20/40) but is less effective at reducing retinal thickening 1
• Require near-monthly injections during the first 12 months, then fewer injections in subsequent years 1, 2

For center-involved DME with good vision (better than 20/30):

• Close monitoring with anti-VEGF treatment only if vision worsens provides similar 2-year outcomes compared to immediate treatment 1

For non-center-involved DME:

• Focal or grid laser photocoagulation remains preferred treatment 1

For persistent DME despite anti-VEGF therapy:

• Consider macular laser photocoagulation or intravitreal corticosteroids 1
• Corticosteroids are also reasonable first-line for patients who cannot receive anti-VEGF (e.g., pregnancy) 1

Screening and Referral Schedule

Urgent referral (<1 month) required for: 1

• Any proliferative diabetic retinopathy
• Center-involved diabetic macular edema

Non-urgent referral (1-3 months) required for: 1

• Severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy
• Moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy

No referral needed: 1

• No apparent retinopathy or mild NPDR without macular edema
• Re-examine every 1-2 years if no retinopathy and good glycemic control
• Re-examine every 6-12 months for mild NPDR

Special Populations

Pregnancy:

• Examine early in pregnancy and monitor closely, as pregnancy accelerates retinopathy progression 2
• Laser photocoagulation during pregnancy reduces vision loss risk 2

Aspirin use:

• Do not discontinue aspirin for cardioprotection—it does not increase retinal hemorrhage risk 2

Critical Pitfalls to Avoid

• Never delay referral when macular edema or severe/proliferative retinopathy is present 2
• Never discontinue aspirin due to unfounded concerns about retinal bleeding 2
• Never neglect blood pressure and lipid control while focusing only on glucose 2
• Never assume 3 injections are sufficient for PDR—patients require intensive initial treatment with near-monthly injections for 4-6 months minimum 4
• Never implement rapid intensive glycemic control in patients with existing retinopathy without gradual titration 2