What findings constitute a complete normal head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat (HEENT) physical examination?

Complete Normal HEENT Physical Examination Findings

A complete normal head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat (HEENT) examination should document the absence of pathologic findings across all anatomical structures, with specific attention to features that distinguish benign from concerning presentations.

Head Examination

• Normocephalic skull without deformities, asymmetry, or palpable masses 1
• Fontanelles (in infants): soft, flat, and appropriately sized for age 1
• No bruising, erythema, or signs of trauma on the scalp or face 1
• Scalp without lesions, alopecia, or tenderness 1
• Facial symmetry without craniofacial abnormalities of the mandible, maxilla, or nasal structures 1

Eyes Examination

• Conjunctivae clear, without erythema, swelling, hemorrhage, or excessive lacrimation 1
• Sclera white without injection 1
• Pupils equal, round, and reactive to light bilaterally 1
• Extraocular movements intact in all directions 1
• No periorbital edema, allergic shiners, or Dennie-Morgan lines 1
• Eyelids without swelling, dermatitis, or ptosis 1

Ears Examination

• Tympanic membranes pearly gray, translucent, with normal light reflex and landmarks visible 1
• No erythema, retraction, perforation, or air-fluid levels behind the tympanic membrane 1
• Normal mobility of tympanic membranes on pneumatic otoscopy 1
• External auditory canals patent without discharge, erythema, or foreign bodies 1
• Auricles normally positioned without masses or deformities 1

Nose Examination

• Nasal mucosa pink and moist, without pallor, edema, hyperemia, or crusting 1
• Nasal passages patent bilaterally without obstruction 1
• Nasal septum midline without deviation, perforation, spurs, or ulceration 1
• Turbinates normal size without hypertrophy 1
• No nasal discharge, polyps, foreign bodies, or masses 1
• No external nasal deformity such as saddle nose or transverse crease 1

Throat and Oral Cavity Examination

• Oropharynx without erythema, exudate, or ulceration 1
• Tonsils symmetrical in size, without enlargement, asymmetry, ulceration, or masses 1, 2
• Posterior pharyngeal wall smooth without cobblestoning or postnasal drainage 1
• Tongue with normal mobility, without ulceration, coating, furrowing, or decreased range of motion 1
• Buccal mucosa intact without ulceration or masses 1
• Dentition appropriate for age without malocclusion 1
• Palate normally arched without high arch deformity 1
• No halitosis 1
• Frenulum intact without tears 1

Neck Examination

• No lymphadenopathy: lymph nodes non-palpable or small (<1.0 cm), soft, mobile, and nontender 1
• Thyroid non-enlarged and nontender 1
• Full range of motion of the neck without stiffness 1
• No masses, asymmetry, or skin lesions 1

Critical Distinctions for Normal Findings

• Absence of red-flag features that would indicate malignancy: no firm/fixed masses >1.5 cm, no ulceration, no reduced mobility of structures, and no nontender persistent masses ≥2 weeks 1, 3
• Bilateral symmetry of findings, as unilateral abnormalities suggest structural problems or neoplasm 1
• Age-appropriate responsiveness to visual and auditory stimuli 1
• Normal vital signs including temperature, as fever may indicate infection 1