What is the etiology of anasarca (generalized edema)?

Anasarca is severe, generalized edema characterized by widespread swelling of the skin and subcutaneous tissues throughout the body. The main causes of anasarca include heart failure, where the heart cannot pump blood effectively, leading to fluid backup in tissues; severe kidney disease or nephrotic syndrome, where protein leaks into urine, reducing blood protein levels that normally hold fluid in blood vessels; liver cirrhosis, which decreases albumin production and increases pressure in the portal vein; severe protein malnutrition (hypoalbuminemia), reducing oncotic pressure that keeps fluid in blood vessels; and certain medications like calcium channel blockers, NSAIDs, and steroids that can cause fluid retention. Other causes include severe allergic reactions, venous obstruction, lymphatic obstruction, and endocrine disorders like hypothyroidism or Cushing's syndrome. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause while managing symptoms with diuretics, dietary sodium restriction, and sometimes albumin infusions. Anasarca requires prompt medical attention as it indicates significant underlying pathology affecting major organ systems.