From the Guidelines
Cerebral palsy is categorized into four main motor types: spasticity, dyskinesia, ataxia, and hypotonia, with spasticity being the most common, affecting 85%−91% of patients. These categories are based on a combination of clinical and neurological signs, and diagnosis typically occurs between age 12 and 24 months 1. The four motor types are:
- Spasticity: characterized by increased muscle tone, and can be further categorized topographically as unilateral (hemiplegia) or bilateral, including diplegia and quadriplegia
- Dyskinesia: involves involuntary movements, including dystonia and athetosis
- Ataxia: affects balance and coordination, causing unsteady movements, tremors, and difficulties with precise movements
- Hypotonia: characterized by low muscle tone, although it is not classified in all countries
These categories are not mutually exclusive, and individuals with cerebral palsy may exhibit symptoms from multiple categories. Additionally, comorbidities and functional limitations are common, including chronic pain, epilepsy, intellectual disability, and musculoskeletal problems 1. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for managing symptoms and improving functional outcomes in affected individuals. The classification of cerebral palsy helps guide treatment approaches, which may include physical therapy, medications, orthotic devices, and sometimes surgical interventions.