Differential Diagnosis for Anterior Neck Lymphadenopathy
Single Most Likely Diagnosis
- Reactive lymphadenitis: This is the most common cause of anterior neck lymphadenopathy, often resulting from a viral upper respiratory tract infection. The lymph nodes are typically tender, mobile, and less than 1 cm in size.
Other Likely Diagnoses
- Tuberculosis: A common cause of lymphadenopathy worldwide, especially in endemic areas. Patients may present with systemic symptoms such as fever, weight loss, and night sweats.
- Sarcoidosis: A systemic granulomatous disease that can cause lymphadenopathy, often accompanied by other symptoms such as skin lesions, joint pain, and respiratory issues.
- Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland, which can cause anterior neck lymphadenopathy, often accompanied by thyroid tenderness and abnormalities in thyroid function tests.
Do Not Miss Diagnoses
- Lymphoma: A type of cancer that can cause lymphadenopathy, often presenting with systemic symptoms such as fever, weight loss, and night sweats. It is crucial to diagnose lymphoma early, as treatment outcomes are significantly better with early detection.
- Metastatic cancer: Cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes from a primary site, such as the thyroid, lung, or head and neck. A thorough investigation, including imaging and biopsy, is necessary to rule out metastatic cancer.
- Infectious mononucleosis: Caused by Epstein-Barr virus, this condition can lead to lymphadenopathy, fever, and fatigue. Although not typically life-threatening, it can have significant morbidity if not diagnosed and managed properly.
Rare Diagnoses
- Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease: A rare, self-limiting condition that causes lymphadenopathy, often accompanied by fever and night sweats. It is more common in young women and typically resolves on its own.
- Kimura disease: A rare, chronic inflammatory disorder that causes lymphadenopathy, often accompanied by eosinophilia and IgE elevation. It is more common in Asian males and can be challenging to diagnose.
- Castleman disease: A rare lymphoproliferative disorder that can cause lymphadenopathy, often accompanied by systemic symptoms such as fever, weight loss, and night sweats. It can be challenging to diagnose and requires a multidisciplinary approach to management.