From the Guidelines
Protein intake plays a crucial role in diabetes management, and the recommended daily intake is 1–1.5 g/kg body wt/day or 15–20% total calories, which can be individualized based on current eating patterns 1. When considering the relationship between protein and diabetes, several key points emerge.
- Protein intake can improve health outcomes, but research is inconclusive regarding the ideal amount to optimize glycemic management or cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk 1.
- Some studies have found successful management of type 2 diabetes with meal plans including slightly higher levels of protein (20–30%), which may contribute to increased satiety 1.
- Historically, low-protein eating plans were advised for individuals with diabetic kidney disease (DKD), but new evidence does not suggest that people with DKD need to restrict protein to less than the generally recommended protein intake 1.
- Reducing dietary protein below the recommended daily allowance of 0.8 g/kg is not recommended, as it does not alter glycemic measures, cardiovascular risk measures, or the rate at which glomerular filtration rate declines and may increase risk for malnutrition 1.
- Protein intake may enhance or increase the insulin response to dietary carbohydrates, and using carbohydrate sources high in protein to treat or prevent hypoglycemia should be avoided due to the potential concurrent rise in endogenous insulin 1. In terms of practical application, incorporating lean protein sources into meals can improve glycemic control and increase satiety, potentially aiding in weight management.
- Distributing protein intake throughout the day, especially at breakfast, can help maintain stable blood glucose levels.
- The quality of protein sources is also important, with plant-based proteins often providing additional benefits from fiber and lower saturated fat content compared to some animal proteins. Overall, a balanced approach to protein intake, taking into account individual needs and health factors, is essential for effective diabetes management.
From the Research
Relationship Between Protein and Diabetes
- The relationship between protein and diabetes is complex, and research suggests that protein intake can have both positive and negative effects on diabetes management 2, 3.
- A study published in 1992 recommends that protein intake should be restricted to the Recommended Daily Allowance, except in groups at risk of negative nitrogen balance 2.
- Another study published in 2016 suggests that dietary protein intake is essential for optimal growth, development, and health of humans, and recommends a daily intake of 0.8-1.6 g protein per kg body weight, depending on physical activity level 3.
- A 2019 systematic review of randomized clinical trials found that dietary patterns, including protein intake, can affect diabetes control and management, and recommends a Mediterranean dietary pattern for better glycemic control 4.
- A 2020 study suggests that consuming protein and vegetable components of a meal first, and carbohydrates 30 minutes later, can moderate glucose levels and improve diabetes management 5.
Protein Intake Recommendations
- The Recommended Daily Allowance for protein intake is 0.8 g protein per kg body weight per day for healthy adults with minimal physical activity 3.
- For individuals with diabetes, protein intake should be restricted to the Recommended Daily Allowance, except in groups at risk of negative nitrogen balance 2.
- High protein intake (>2 g per kg body weight per day) may result in digestive, renal, and vascular abnormalities and should be avoided 3.
Dietary Patterns and Diabetes Management
- A Mediterranean dietary pattern has been shown to be effective in improving glycemic control and reducing the risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications in individuals with type 2 diabetes 4.
- A vegan or vegetarian dietary pattern may also be beneficial for improving glycemic control and reducing the risk of complications in individuals with type 2 diabetes 4.
- Consuming low-carbohydrate, balanced meals and eating most carbohydrates early in the day can also be helpful for improving diabetes management 5.