What is the respiratory pattern characterized by a very large, deep breath, held at the apex of respiration, followed by several short, quick respirations, and then repeats, also known as Kussmaul (respiratory pattern) breathing?

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Last updated: April 30, 2025 • View editorial policy

From the Research

The respiratory pattern described is a serious medical condition that requires immediate attention, as it may indicate a life-threatening underlying cause such as diabetic ketoacidosis, renal failure, or severe metabolic acidosis. This pattern is known as Kussmaul breathing or Biot's respiration, characterized by a deep breath, holding at the peak, followed by several short quick breaths. The provided evidence does not directly address the respiratory pattern in question, but general medical knowledge indicates that this breathing pattern represents the body's attempt to compensate for metabolic acidosis by increasing carbon dioxide elimination 1, 2. If you observe this breathing pattern in yourself or someone else, seek immediate medical attention as it indicates a potentially life-threatening condition requiring prompt evaluation and treatment. Emergency medical professionals will likely perform blood tests to check acid-base balance, electrolytes, and glucose levels, and treatment depends on the underlying cause but often includes intravenous fluids, insulin (for diabetic ketoacidosis), or other medications to address the specific condition causing the abnormal breathing pattern. Some key points to consider in assessing respiratory patterns include:

  • Inspection: a comprehensive visual assessment
  • Palpation: using touch to gather information
  • Percussion: striking the chest to determine the state of underlying tissues
  • Auscultation: listening to and interpreting sound transmission through the chest wall via a stethoscope However, these points are general principles of respiratory assessment and do not specifically address the described breathing pattern 1, 2. In any case, the most important step is to seek immediate medical attention if this breathing pattern is observed, as it may indicate a serious underlying condition.

References

Research

Respiratory assessment.

British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing), 2006

Research

Respiratory assessment: undertaking a physical examination of the chest in adults.

Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987), 2022

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