What is the cause of epigastric pain?

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): This is often the most common cause of epigastric pain due to the reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus, leading to inflammation and pain.

Peptic Ulcer Disease: Both gastric and duodenal ulcers can cause epigastric pain, typically described as burning or gnawing, and can be related to food intake.
Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining can cause epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting, often related to alcohol use, NSAIDs, or stress.
Functional Dyspepsia: A condition characterized by recurring epigastric pain or discomfort not explained by other pathologic conditions, often related to eating.

Myocardial Infarction: Although chest pain is the classic symptom, myocardial infarction can sometimes present with epigastric pain, especially in women or diabetic patients, making it crucial not to miss.
Pancreatitis: Both acute and chronic pancreatitis can cause severe epigastric pain radiating to the back, and missing this diagnosis can lead to serious complications.
Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder can cause right upper quadrant pain but can sometimes be perceived as epigastric, especially if the gallbladder is inflamed and distended.
Esophageal Rupture or Perforation: A rare but life-threatening condition that requires immediate surgical intervention, presenting with severe chest or epigastric pain.

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome: A rare disorder characterized by excessive gastric acid production leading to severe peptic ulcers and epigastric pain.
Carcinoma of the Stomach or Pancreas: Although rare, these cancers can present with epigastric pain, weight loss, and other non-specific symptoms, making early diagnosis challenging.
Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction: A condition causing abdominal pain due to dysfunction of the sphincter controlling bile and pancreatic juice flow into the intestine, which can mimic other causes of epigastric pain.