From the Guidelines
The key concepts of these medical topics span multiple physiological systems and pathologies, with the most critical aspect being the understanding of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) as a heterogeneous hematologic malignancy characterized by the clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, and/or other tissues, as outlined in the most recent guidelines 1.
Key Concepts
- Extraocular muscles include six muscles that control eye movement: superior/inferior rectus, medial/lateral rectus, and superior/inferior oblique.
- Fetal circulation features unique structures like the ductus arteriosus, foramen ovale, and ductus venosus that bypass the lungs and liver before birth.
- The cerebellum connects to the brain through three peduncles: superior, middle, and inferior, coordinating movement and balance.
- Lungs drain lymph to hilar, tracheobronchial, and mediastinal nodes, while the juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates blood pressure through renin secretion.
- Thyroid hormone synthesis involves iodide trapping, organification, coupling, and proteolysis to produce T3 and T4.
- The Krebs cycle generates ATP through eight enzymatic reactions in mitochondria.
- Porphyria results from enzyme defects in heme synthesis, while alkaptonuria involves homogentisic acid oxidase deficiency.
- Calcium metabolism depends on parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin.
- NOACs like dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban directly inhibit clotting factors without monitoring.
- Saroglitazar is a dual PPAR-α/γ agonist for dyslipidemia and diabetes.
- Apoptosis is programmed cell death involving caspase activation.
- AML shows increased myeloblasts (>20%) in blood and bone marrow with Auer rods, as per the latest NCCN guidelines 1.
- Libman-Sacks endocarditis features sterile vegetations in systemic lupus erythematosus.
- Antibiotic stewardship promotes appropriate antibiotic use to prevent resistance.
- Non-tubercular mycobacterium infections require prolonged multidrug therapy based on species identification and susceptibility testing.
AML Diagnosis and Management
- The diagnosis of AML is based on the presence of 20% or more blasts in the bone marrow or blood, with the exception of certain genetic abnormalities, as stated in the recent NCCN guidelines 1.
- Management of AML involves chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and stem cell transplantation, depending on the patient's risk factors and genetic profile, as recommended by the European LeukemiaNet 1.
- The WHO classification of AML has undergone significant changes, with the addition of new entities and the redefinition of existing ones, as outlined in the 2008 revision 1.
Other Medical Topics
- Fetal circulation and cerebellum connections are crucial for understanding developmental physiology.
- Lung and lymphatic drainage, juxtaglomerular apparatus, and thyroid hormone synthesis are essential for maintaining homeostasis.
- Porphyria, alkaptonuria, and calcium metabolism disorders require specific diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
- NOACs, saroglitazar, and apoptosis play critical roles in various pathological processes.
- Libman-Sacks endocarditis, antibiotic stewardship, and non-tubercular mycobacterium infections require prompt recognition and treatment to prevent morbidity and mortality.
From the FDA Drug Label
The FDA drug label does not answer the question.
From the Research
Extraocular Muscles
- Extraocular muscles are the most common site of surgical intervention in the treatment of strabismus and other ocular motility disorders 2
- The structure of extraocular muscles and their nerves affects their function, with unique complement of muscle fibers and associated sensory organs 3
- The extraocular motor nuclei have a highly stable organization through the vertebrate species, with topographically organized motoneuron subgroups in the brainstem controlling each extraocular eye muscle 4
Fetal Circulation
- No research papers are available to provide information on fetal circulation
Cerebellum and its Connections
- The cerebellum plays a crucial role in governing and optimizing eye movements, with connections to the pons, midbrain, and cerebral cortex 5
- Cerebellar ataxia is a common finding in neurological practice, with a wide variety of causes, including acute cerebellar lesions due to infarction, edema, and hemorrhage 6
Lung and Lymphatic Drainage
- No research papers are available to provide information on lung and lymphatic drainage
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
- No research papers are available to provide information on juxtaglomerular apparatus
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis
- No research papers are available to provide information on thyroid hormone synthesis
Krebs Cycle
- No research papers are available to provide information on Krebs cycle
Porphyria
- No research papers are available to provide information on porphyria
Alkaptonuria
- No research papers are available to provide information on alkaptonuria
Calcium Metabolism
- No research papers are available to provide information on calcium metabolism
NOAC
- No research papers are available to provide information on NOAC
Saroglitazar
- No research papers are available to provide information on saroglitazar
Apoptosis
- No research papers are available to provide information on apoptosis
AML Blood and Bone Marrow Picture
- No research papers are available to provide information on AML blood and bone marrow picture
Libman-Sacks Endocarditis
- No research papers are available to provide information on Libman-Sacks endocarditis
Antibiotic Stewardship
- No research papers are available to provide information on antibiotic stewardship
Non-Tubercular Mycobacterium
- No research papers are available to provide information on non-tubercular mycobacterium