From the Research
Ex vacuo hydrocephalus presents with symptoms that may include headaches, cognitive decline, gait disturbances, urinary incontinence, and in severe cases, altered consciousness, as a result of brain tissue shrinkage or atrophy, rather than cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obstruction. This condition occurs when brain tissue shrinks or atrophies, causing the ventricles to enlarge to fill the extra space. Unlike typical hydrocephalus, ex vacuo hydrocephalus symptoms develop gradually and may be subtle, often mimicking neurodegenerative disorders. Patients might experience personality changes, memory problems, and difficulty with complex tasks. Physical examination may reveal poor balance, shuffling gait, and slowed movements. The condition is typically diagnosed through brain imaging (CT or MRI) showing enlarged ventricles with evidence of brain atrophy, as described in a study published in 2021 1.
Some key symptoms and characteristics of ex vacuo hydrocephalus include:
- Cognitive decline
- Gait disturbances
- Urinary incontinence
- Personality changes
- Memory problems
- Difficulty with complex tasks
- Poor balance
- Shuffling gait
- Slowed movements
Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause of brain atrophy rather than CSF diversion, as shunting procedures are generally not beneficial for this type of hydrocephalus, as noted in various studies, including one from 1994 2. Management typically involves treating the primary condition causing brain tissue loss, such as neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, or traumatic brain injury. A study from 2001 3 highlights the importance of considering hyperostosis cranii ex vacuo, a condition characterized by diffuse thickening of the skull, in the diagnosis and management of ex vacuo hydrocephalus. However, the most recent and relevant study on this topic, published in 2021 1, provides the most valuable insights into the symptoms and diagnosis of ex vacuo hydrocephalus.